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IGCSE Physics0625
- 1 Motion, forces and energy
1.1Physical quantities and measurement techniques
- 1six turns of string pen What is the distance once round the pen?1 mark
- 2(b)(i)Describe how to determine the volume of the piece of metal, using the equipment in Fig. 2.1.4 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Explain why this procedure is not suitable for finding the volume of a piece of low-density wood that is a similar shape and size to the piece of metal.1 mark
1.2Motion
- 1(a)(i)Draw one line from each letter to the correct description.2 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Determine the speed of the car at time = 4.0 s.1 mark
- 1(b)Define the term velocity.1 mark
- 1(a)Define acceleration.1 mark
- 2S distance Q R P 0 0 time Which row describes the speed of the vehicle in each section of the graph?1 mark
- 4D Runner 2 is slowing down.1 mark
- 1(a)State your answer in seconds.1 mark
- 1(b)Calculate the average speed of this train.3 marks
- 1(c)Using the graph, determine the total distance travelled by this train on this part of the track.4 marks
- 1(a)Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time t = 30 s.3 marks
- 1(b)Using ideas about forces, explain why any change in the acceleration has occurred.2 marks
- 1(c)Determine the distance travelled by the vehicle between time t = 120 s and time t = 160 s.3 marks
1.3Mass and weight
1.4Density
1.5Forces
- 3(a)(i)State the size and the direction of the resultant force.2 marks
- 3(a)(ii)Suggest what causes the 80 N force on the boat in Fig. 3.1.1 mark
- 3(a)(iii)Describe the horizontal motion of this boat.1 mark
- 1(c)(i)Explain why this happens.4 marks
- 63.0cm 6.0cm 9.0cm 2.0N 4.0N Which row gives the correct extensions of the spring?1 mark
- 7Which row gives possible values for P and for Q?1 mark
- 8Where is the centre of gravity of the tile?1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Give the unit.4 marks
- 3(a)(ii)Describe another example of using the turning effect of a force.1 mark
- 3(b)Describe how the man can increase the turning effect without increasing the force.1 mark
- 1(b)Using ideas about forces, explain why any change in the acceleration has occurred.2 marks
- 2(a)Complete the definitions by giving the name of each quantity.2 marks
1.6Momentum
1.7Energy, work and power
- 4(a)State two reasons, apart from cost, for reducing the amount of fossil fuel burned.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)Describe how a hydroelectric power station generates electrical power.3 marks
- 4(b)(ii)State two other disadvantages of using a hydroelectric power station to generate electrical power.2 marks
- 4(c)Suggest one method of storing the electrical energy generated by a wind turbine.1 mark
- 2(b)State the energy transfer that takes place as the spring expands.2 marks
- 99 Which source of energy is renewable?1 mark
- 10Which quantities can be used to calculate the useful power of the man?1 mark
- 4(a)Name the energy source used by each method: the energy source in Fig. 4.1, and the energy source in Fig. 4.2.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)State two advantages of using the renewable sources in either Fig. 4.1 or Fig. 4.2 for generating electrical power compared to using a coal-fired power station.2 marks
- 4(b)(ii)State one disadvantage of using the renewable sources in either Fig. 4.1 or Fig. 4.2 for generating electrical power compared to using a coal-fired power station.1 mark
- 2(b)(iii)State the type of energy stored in the ball during its contact with the golf club.1 mark
- 3(c)State two advantages and two disadvantages of using solar cells to generate electrical power.4 marks
- 2 Thermal physics
2.1Kinetic particle model of matter
- 5(a)Describe the arrangement, separation and motion of gas particles.3 marks
- 3(a)State one way in which the motion of the particles in ice differs from the motion of the particles in water.1 mark
- 13D They move faster.1 mark
- 14D Smoke particles hit the walls of the container.1 mark
- 5(a)(i)State what happens to the pressure of the air in the bottle.1 mark
- 5(a)(ii)Use ideas about gas particles in your answer.4 marks
- 4(a)Using ideas about momentum, explain how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the balloon.3 marks
- 4(b)(i)Explain why the pressure in the balloon decreases as the balloon rises.2 marks
- 4(b)(ii)Calculate the pressure of the helium when its volume is 12 m³.2 marks
- 5(a)Compare the arrangement and motion of the particles in ice and in liquid water.2 marks
2.2Thermal properties and temperature
2.3Transfer of thermal energy
- 6(a)Describe how the student can compare the conduction of thermal energy through the rods in Fig. 6.1.2 marks
- 3(b)(i)State the name of the thermal process that transfers energy from the water to the ice.1 mark
- 3(b)(iii)Explain how convection causes the temperature of all the water in the beaker to decrease.3 marks
- 17cold gap hot Which material in the gap allows the quickest transfer of thermal energy between the surfaces by conduction?1 mark
- 18D X is a better radiator of thermal energy than Y.1 mark
- 6(b)State three improvements she can make to increase the thermal energy absorbed.3 marks
- 6(c)Describe the processes that transfer the thermal energy from the Sun to the water inside the pipe.2 marks
- 3 Waves
3.1General properties of waves
- 5(a)Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave.2 marks
- 5(b)(i)Justify your choice.1 mark
- 1919 Which arrow on the graph shows the amplitude of the wave?1 mark
- 20water wave Which term describes the effect shown?1 mark
- 7(a)Label the distance W.1 mark
- 7(b)Determine the amplitude of the wave, in cm.1 mark
- 7(c)Calculate the frequency of the wave, in Hz.2 marks
- 7(d)Explain how the motion of the ball shows that the water wave is transverse.1 mark
- 7(e)State another example of a transverse wave (other than a water wave).1 mark
3.2Light
- 7(a)(i)Indicate the angle of reflection by drawing a letter R on Fig. 7.1.1 mark
- 7(a)(ii)State the size of the angle of reflection in Fig. 7.1.1 mark
- 7(b)(i)On Fig. 7.2, locate the image of O by continuing the path of each ray.2 marks
- 7(b)(ii)Draw an arrow to represent the image of O.1 mark
- 7(c)(i)State the name of the effect that produces a spectrum.1 mark
- 4(a)(i)State what is meant by 'focal point'.2 marks
- 4(a)(ii)On Fig. 4.1, mark: • a point X on the principal axis for a possible position of the object • a point E for a possible position of the student's eye.1 mark
- 4(a)(iii)Underline two words in the list that describe the image produced.1 mark
- 4(b)(ii)State what happens to the wavelength of light as it passes into the lens.1 mark
- 4(c)State the name of the problem and explain how a converging lens is used to correct it.3 marks
- 21Which diagram shows how the beam is reflected by the mirror?1 mark
- 22Which labelled path is taken by the light travelling from the fish to the boy’s eye?1 mark
- 2323 Which diagram shows the formation of a real image of an object O placed in front of a converging lens?1 mark
- 8(a)State which angle w, x, y or z, is the angle of refraction.1 mark
- 6(a)(ii)Underline three of the terms below that describe the image shown in Fig. 6.2.2 marks
- 6(b)On Fig. 6.3, draw the path of the blue light as it enters, passes through and leaves the prism.2 marks
3.3Electromagnetic spectrum
- 6(b)(ii)Give one use of the radiation in this region.2 marks
- 24D X-rays are used in thermal imaging.1 mark
- 9(a)(i)State the name of this part.1 mark
- 9(a)(ii)State the value for the speed of infrared waves in a vacuum.1 mark
- 9(a)(iii)State one example.1 mark
- 9(b)(i)Describe one medical use for X-rays and one medical use for γ-rays.2 marks
- 9(b)(ii)State two reasons why γ-rays are dangerous to living things.2 marks
3.4Sound
- 25D The volume of the sound is decreasing.1 mark
- 7(a)State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.1 mark
- 7(b)Using your value for the speed of sound in air, calculate the frequency of the sound wave.2 marks
- 7(c)Describe and explain how to use ultrasound to determine the size and position of the bubble inside the metal block.4 marks
- 4 Electricity and magnetism
4.1Simple phenomena of magnetism
- 8(a)(i)State one material which is suitable for the core of the electromagnet.1 mark
- 8(b)(i)State the name of a piece of equipment that can show the direction of a magnetic field.1 mark
- 8(b)(ii)State the name of the pole labelled X on the core of the electromagnet.1 mark
- 2626 What material can a temporary magnet be made from?1 mark
- 27Which compass correctly shows the direction of the magnetic field due to the magnet?1 mark
4.2Electrical quantities
- 6(a)(i)State what is meant by 'electric field'.1 mark
- 6(a)(ii)Draw at least four lines.3 marks
- 28What happens to the plastic rod and what is the charge on the cloth?1 mark
- 29in the circuit?1 mark
- 10(c)Calculate the resistance of the motor.3 marks
- 9(a)Referring to the charge on the ball, explain why the ball moves to the positive plate after touching the negative plate.2 marks
- 9(b)State which particles move when there is a current and state the direction in which they move through the sensitive ammeter.2 marks
- 9(c)Calculate the current shown on the sensitive ammeter.3 marks
4.3Electric circuits
- 7(b)(i)Draw a circuit diagram that shows all the 1.5 V cells connected to produce an e.m.f.3 marks
- 30fan motor power M supply X computer Which component should be placed at X to make this happen?1 mark
- 31R S T switch When the switch is open, which lamp(s) are not lit?1 mark
- 10(a)On Fig. 10.1, circle the symbol representing the heater.1 mark
- 10(b)Explain the function of the variable resistor in this circuit.2 marks
- 8(a)Calculate the combined resistance between Y and Z.4 marks
- 8(b)Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across the 8.0 Ω resistor.2 marks
4.4Electrical safety
4.5Electromagnetic effects
- 33supply C magnetic effect allowing a small current to switch on a large current D magnetic effect changing the voltage of an a.c.1 mark
- 34In which situation is the largest electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced?1 mark
- 35output turns How many turns are there on the secondary coil?1 mark
- 36magnetic field line wire with current into the page Which row describes the magnetic field?1 mark
- 12(a)Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.2 marks
- 12(b)Calculate the current in the primary circuit.2 marks
- 5 Nuclear physics
5.1The nuclear model of the atom
5.2Radioactivity
- 10(b)Describe the nature of β-particles.1 mark
- 8(a)(i)Complete the equation for this decay.3 marks
- 8(a)(ii)Explain why this γ-emission does not affect the numbers in the decay equation.1 mark
- 8(b)On Fig. 8.1: • draw a line labelled β to indicate the path of the β-particles in the magnetic field • draw a line labelled γ to indicate the path of the γ-radiation in the magnetic field.3 marks
- 38D α-particles have the same charge as β-particles.1 mark
- 11(b)Calculate the mass of this isotope that remains in the sample after 18 years.3 marks
- 10(a)(i)Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.2 marks
- 10(a)(ii)Explain why beta (β) emitters or gamma (γ) emitters are not used in smoke detectors.1 mark
- 10(b)Calculate the time required for this decay.3 marks
- 6 Space physics
6.1Earth and the Solar System
- 11(a)State the names of two other categories of bodies in the Solar System.2 marks
- 11(b)State the name of the galaxy that includes our Solar System.1 mark
- 3939 Which type of object orbits the Sun?1 mark
- 12(a)(i)State the three main forms of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun.2 marks
- 12(a)(ii)State the two main elements that are found in the Sun.1 mark
6.2Stars and the Universe
- 11(c)Describe how the light from distant galaxies gives evidence to support the Big Bang Theory.3 marks
- 9(c)(i)Describe and explain what happens as an interstellar cloud of gas forms a protostar.2 marks
- 9(c)(ii)Describe and explain what happens as a protostar becomes a stable star.3 marks
- 40D The light from stars in all distant galaxies is moved towards the red end of the spectrum.1 mark
- 12(b)State and explain what can be deduced from the 'redshift' observed by astronomers in the light from all distant galaxies.3 marks
- 3(a)(i)State the name of the process which releases energy in the Sun.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Describe what happens in this process.2 marks
- 11(a)Describe and explain how a stable star is formed.3 marks
- 11(b)Describe and explain what can be deduced from cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR).3 marks
O Level Physics5054
- 1 Motion, forces and energy
1.1Physical quantities and measurement techniques
- 10 1 2 3 cm 0 1 2 3 cm What is the length of the object X?1 mark
- 2Which row shows scalar quantities and vector quantities?1 mark
- 1micrometer wire 30 mm 0 5 25 20 What is the reading shown on the micrometer?1 mark
- 21.5 N 2.0 N object What is the magnitude of the resultant force?1 mark
- 7cm3 cm3 40 60 30 50 What are the correct values for the volumes of water and rock?1 mark
- 11 Which list contains only vector quantities?1 mark
- 1clothes peg height Which device is suitable for obtaining an accurate value for the height of the clothes peg?1 mark
- 22 Which set of quantities are all vectors?1 mark
- 1cm3 cm3 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 20 g 54 g What is the mass and what is the volume of the object?1 mark
- 22 Which quantity is a vector?1 mark
- 11 What is measured using a micrometer?1 mark
- 2Which vector is the drag acting on the boat?1 mark
- 1(a)(i)Use the set squares to measure the positions of A and B to the nearest 0.1 cm.1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)Use your answers to (a)(i) to find l and d, both to the nearest 0.1 cm.2 marks
- 1(a)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball in cm³ using V = 3.14d³/6.1 mark
- 1(b)(i)Use your own measurements.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)Calculate their total volume Vₜ = V₂ − V₁ in cm³.1 mark
- 1(b)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball from method 2.1 mark
- 1(c)Suggest which method gives the more accurate volume and explain why.1 mark
- 1(d)Describe the method, record the readings and give the mass in g.2 marks
- 1(a)(i)Read from Fig. 1.1 the positions of A and B to the nearest 0.1 cm.1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)Use your answers to (a)(i) to find l and d, both to the nearest 0.1 cm.2 marks
- 1(a)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball in cm³ using V = 3.14d³/6.1 mark
- 1(b)(i)Write down volume V₁ in cm³ shown in Fig. 1.2.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)Show working.1 mark
- 1(b)(iii)Calculate the average volume V of one ball from method 2, to the nearest 0.1 cm³.1 mark
- 1(c)Suggest which method gives the more accurate volume and explain why.1 mark
- 1(d)Describe how the student uses the six glass balls, a small beaker and a top-pan electronic balance to find the average mass of one ball.2 marks
- 3(a)(i)Measure distance x on Fig. 3.1 in cm.1 mark
- 1D It has magnitude and unit only.1 mark
- 130 20 10 What is the volume of the liquid?1 mark
- 1(a)Describe how to put 1.0 cm³ of water into the dropping pipette.3 marks
- 1(b)(i)Determine an accurate time t; show working and suitable significant figures.2 marks
- 1(c)(i)Identify two causes of uncertainty in this experiment.2 marks
- 1(c)(ii)Suggest one improvement to this experiment.1 mark
- 3(a)Draw a labelled arrangement to help your explanation.2 marks
- 3(b)(i)Measure x and y on this original scale drawing and record both in mm.1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)Using Fig. 3.3, use your measurements x and y from (b)(i) and the 1:5 drawing scale to calculate actual X and Y in metres, to the nearest mm.1 mark
- 3(c)Measure and record their smaller diameter d₁ and larger diameter d₂ in mm.1 mark
- 3(d)(i)On the supplied Fig. 3.5 graph, plot the two additional data points from Table 3.1: (diameter mm, area mm²) = (10, 90.0) and (12, 141.3).1 mark
- 3(d)(ii)On Fig. 3.5, draw the best-fit curve through the plotted data.1 mark
- 3(d)(iii)Show at least one working line from the curve to both axes.1 mark
- 3(f)Identify two variables to control so another laboratory using the same apparatus obtains similar indentation areas A₁ and A₂.2 marks
- 1What is the most suitable instrument to use?1 mark
- 22 Which equation contains two vector quantities?1 mark
- 10.5 m Which measuring device is used to measure the length accurately?1 mark
- 22 Which row describes acceleration, displacement, distance and speed?1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Use it to record height h of the hanger bottom above the floor, in cm.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Describe one source of error when measuring h in Fig. 3.2 and one linked improvement to reduce that error.2 marks
- 3(b)(i)Determine an accurate average descent time t_av and show your working.2 marks
- 3(b)(ii)Add quantities and units to the headings.3 marks
- 3(c)Table 3.1 gives (m/g, t_av/s): (5.0,6.0), (7.0,4.2), (9.0,3.0), (11.0,2.6), (13.0,2.2).4 marks
- 1(a)(i)Measure the height h, top diameter D and bottom diameter d in the full-size Fig. 1.1.2 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Using your measurements from Fig. 1.1, calculate the average cup diameter d_A = (D + d)/2 in cm.1 mark
- 1(a)(iii)Using your height h and average diameter d_A from Fig. 1.1, calculate capacity V₁ = πd_A²h/4 in cm³.1 mark
- 1(b)(i)Calculate one average circumference C in cm.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)Using your height h from Fig. 1.1 and average circumference C from method 2, calculate capacity V₂ = C²h/(4π) in cm³.1 mark
- 1(c)(i)Record the new reading R in cm³.1 mark
- 1(c)(ii)Show your working.1 mark
- 1(d)State one specific reason why method 2 (string around the cup) is inaccurate and one specific reason why method 3 (water transfer) is inaccurate.2 marks
- 1start finish two full turns mark on cylinder 0 cm 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 not to scale What is the circumference of the cylinder?1 mark
- 22 Which diagram shows the vector addition of a 4.0 N force and a 3.0 N force?1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Measure and record d and w for one of your masses, including units.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Describe how to determine the position of the centre of the masses on the metre rule.1 mark
- 3(a)(iii)Show your working and give L in cm.2 marks
- 3(b)(i)Show your working and give t in seconds.2 marks
- 3(b)(ii)Use your own measurements.3 marks
- 3(c)Explain why it is not practical to reduce L below 40 cm.1 mark
- 3(d)Use graph paper.4 marks
- 3(a)Measure d and w on Fig. 3.1 and record both lengths with units.1 mark
- 3(b)(i)Describe how to determine the position of the centre of the masses on the rule.1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)Suggest why the masses are not attached to the lower side of the metre rule.1 mark
- 3(b)(iii)Show working; give L in cm.2 marks
- 3(c)(i)Show your working.2 marks
- 3(c)(ii)Complete the first row of Table 3.1 and give an appropriate unit for each column heading.1 mark
- 3(c)(iii)Use graph paper.4 marks
- 3(c)(iv)Use your graph to estimate t when L = 60 cm.1 mark
- 3(d)Explain why it is not practical to reduce L below 40 cm.1 mark
- 2(b)Suggest why microphone A was not placed at the 0.0 cm mark.1 mark
- 2(d)Suggest one way to obtain a more accurate speed using the same apparatus.1 mark
- 2What is the circumference of the cylinder?1 mark
- 55 Which piece of apparatus may be used to compare the masses of two objects?1 mark
- 2Which is the most suitable instrument to use?1 mark
- 11 Which is a vector quantity?1 mark
- 33 What is the name and value of the unit of power written as mW?1 mark
- 4Which row identifies the most suitable device for accurately measuring the stated length?1 mark
- 1D Use the scales to find the reading and add or subtract any zero error.1 mark
- 2How many of the underlined quantities are vectors?1 mark
- 1Which quantity is a scalar?1 mark
- 3D Use the scales to find the reading and add or subtract any zero error.1 mark
- 1Which diagram shows the resultant R of these two vectors?1 mark
- 22 Which set of quantities are all vectors?1 mark
- 3Which instrument gives a reading that is the circumference of the golf ball?1 mark
- 1Which instrument gives a reading that is the circumference of the golf ball?1 mark
- 77 Which quantity is a vector?1 mark
- 1(a)(i)Explain why this is not the best way to support the rod.1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)On Fig. 1.1 sketch a better orientation of the stand, boss and clamp to support the heavy rod.1 mark
- 1(b)(i)Draw how a metre rule and two set-squares can check that the rod is horizontal.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)Explain how the metre rule and set-squares show that the rod in Fig. 1.2 is horizontal.1 mark
- 1(c)(i)Describe how to check that end A is exactly over the 0 cm mark.1 mark
- 1(c)(ii)Calculate their average N_av to two significant figures.1 mark
- 1(d)(ii)On Fig. 1.6 plot l/cm on the y-axis against N_av on the x-axis, starting at (0,0), and draw a smooth best-fit curve.4 marks
- 1(d)(iii)Use two pairs from Fig. 1.5 or your Fig. 1.6 graph to show N_av is not inversely proportional to l.2 marks
- 1(d)(iv)Why does the student start with the Fig. 1.4 square card of side 19 cm and cut it smaller, rather than start at 3 cm?1 mark
- 4(a)Describe how to measure the cylinder diameter using it and a ruler.1 mark
- 4(b)Describe how to measure the diameter of the Fig. 4.1 central cylinder accurately using only a metre rule, pencil, Blu-tack and one metre of thin thread.4 marks
1.2Motion
- 3Which conclusions are correct?1 mark
- 44 Which speed–time graph represents the motion of a railway train making a short stop at a station?1 mark
- 33 Which equation defines acceleration?1 mark
- 9resultant force 0 0 t 0 time Which graph is the speed–time graph for the object?1 mark
- 2distance 0 0 time What is a description of the moving object?1 mark
- 3Which part of the graph shows the skydiver falling with terminal velocity?1 mark
- 4Which students are correct?1 mark
- 1(a)(i)Draw a suitable line.2 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Calculate the average speed of the ball between time t = 0 and time t = 0.40 s.2 marks
- 1(a)(iii)Describe how to use the graph in Fig. 1.1 to determine the speed of the ball at time t = 0.40 s.2 marks
- 1(b)(ii)Describe the appearance of a distance–time graph when the acceleration of the ball is zero.1 mark
- 330 distance / m 20 10 0 0 5 10 15 time / s What is the average speed of the cyclist for the ride?1 mark
- 4+ve velocity P 0 0 time Q R –ve Which sections of the graph show where the magnitude of the velocity of the train is decreasing?1 mark
- 3time interval/s 0–2 2–4 4–6 6–8 8–10 10–12 distance travelled 10 10 11 13 16 23 in time interval/m Which statement describes the motion of the car?1 mark
- 3Which section shows the largest acceleration?1 mark
- 4Which quantity can be calculated using this data only?1 mark
- 1(a)(i)On Fig. 1.2, mark: • with the letter P one point where the ball accelerates • with the letter Q one point where the ball has constant speed.2 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Show your working.3 marks
- 1(a)(i)State how the graph shows trolley B accelerates uniformly during the collision.1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)Using Fig. 1.2, explain how trolley B has a greater acceleration magnitude than trolley A’s deceleration magnitude during the collision.1 mark
- 1(a)(iii)From Fig. 1.2, calculate trolley B’s acceleration at t = 0.40 s, in m/s².2 marks
- 2In which region is the car decelerating?1 mark
- 4D Neither the acceleration nor the velocity changes.1 mark
- 2Which quantity for the car is constant and greater than zero?1 mark
- 3How are the speed and the acceleration of the object determined from these graphs?1 mark
- 2(a)Define acceleration.2 marks
- 1(a)State how a vector quantity differs from a scalar quantity.1 mark
- 1(b)Underline all the vector quantities: acceleration, distance, energy, mass, momentum, temperature.1 mark
- 1(c)Show your method.4 marks
- 1(b)(i)The second reading t₂ is 13.8 s.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)Using your t₁ and the given t₂=13.8 s, calculate the mean time t for 20 oscillations and complete Table 1.1.1 mark
- 1(b)(iii)Calculate the mean period T for one oscillation, then T², and complete Table 1.1 with units.1 mark
- 1(b)(iv)Calculate the second spring constant k₂ using k₂=11.8/T² and your value of T²; state N/m.1 mark
- 1(c)Explain why timing 20 oscillations twice gives a more accurate mean period than timing one oscillation twice.1 mark
- 4In your plan you should: explain briefly how to carry out the investigation, stating any other apparatus needed; state the key variables to keep constant; draw a table with column headings to show how to display the readings (you are not required to enter any readings into the table); explain how to use your readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
- 4speed 0 0 time What is the distance–time graph for the journey?1 mark
- 410 distance / m 8 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 time / s What is the speed of the toy car at 10s?1 mark
- 9Which factors affect the braking distance?1 mark
- 1(a)Describe the motion of the glider in the first 12 s.2 marks
- 1(c)Give your answer in m.2 marks
- 1(a)Describe the motion of the car shown in Fig. 1.1.2 marks
- 3(d)Describe the relationship between average descent time t_av and mass m shown by Table 3.1/the graph, including how the rate of change behaves.2 marks
- 36.0 speed m / s 0 0 4.0 time / s What is the distance travelled in the first 4.0 s?1 mark
- 1(a)(i)On Fig. 1.1, mark X at a point where the stone has constant speed and Y at a point where the stone is decelerating.2 marks
- 1(c)(i)Draw a tangent on Fig. 1.1 and show your working.3 marks
- 3Which row describes the acceleration of the skydiver and the velocity of the skydiver?1 mark
- 4300 distance / m 200 100 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 time / s What is his average speed for the whole journey?1 mark
- 2Which body has an acceleration that is not constant?1 mark
- 9What is the value of the total displacement and of the total distance travelled?1 mark
- 44 Which speed-time graph represents the motion of a railway train making a short stop at a station?1 mark
- 4Which quantity for the car is constant and greater than zero?1 mark
- 4Which quantity for the car is constant and greater than zero?1 mark
- 56.0 speed m / s 0 0 4.0 time / s What is the distance travelled in the first 4.0s?1 mark
- 4D The acceleration is zero.1 mark
- 12(a)The overall stopping distance of a cyclist is made up of two parts, as shown in Fig. 12.1: • the distance the cyclist travels during the reaction time of the cyclist (the thinking distance) • the distance the cyclist travels after the brakes are applied (the braking distance) State the energy change that occurs during braking.2 marks
- 12(b)(i)Using Fig. 12.2, determine the reaction time of the cyclist.1 mark
- 12(b)(ii)Using Fig. 12.2, calculate the thinking distance.2 marks
- 12(b)(iii)State how the braking distance is found using Fig. 12.2.1 mark
- 12(b)(iv)Draw the new speed–time graph.2 marks
- 12(b)(v)Explain why the wet surface increases that distance.3 marks
- 1(a)On Fig. 1.1, mark and label a point where the car has a non-uniform deceleration.1 mark
- 1(b)Calculate the deceleration of the car at t = 3.0 s.2 marks
- 1(c)Explain, in terms of the horizontal forces that act on the car, why its speed is constant at t = 1.0 s.2 marks
- 2(a)(i)Calculate their average t_av to one decimal place.2 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Using your average time for ten complete swings from 2(a)(i), calculate the period T for one swing in seconds.1 mark
- 2(a)(iii)Explain why timing ten swings instead of one gives a more accurate period.2 marks
- 2(b)(ii)On Fig. 2.3 plot T/s on the y-axis against N on the x-axis, starting at (0,0), and draw a smooth best-fit curve.4 marks
- 2(b)(iii)Using the results in Fig. 2.2 and your plotted graph, describe the relationship between period T and paperclip number N.1 mark
- 2(b)(iv)Show on the graph how you obtained the estimate, and give the answer in seconds.1 mark
- 2(c)Suggest one effect on the experiment if the paperclips are not identical.1 mark
1.3Mass and weight
- 4What is the approximate weight of a 1kg mass on the Moon?1 mark
- 66 Which row shows a definition of the mass of an object and an instrument used to measure mass?1 mark
- 6D The two spheres hit the ground together.1 mark
- 5jaws metal disc vice Which property of the metal disc is unchanged when it is squeezed?1 mark
- 6D The mass is unaffected and the weight decreases.1 mark
- 55 Which property of an object determines its resistance to a change from its state of rest or motion?1 mark
- 66 What is the weight of the moon buggy on the Moon?1 mark
- 8(b)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
- 3(a)(i)Explain why the lamina experiences a downward weight force; its arrangement is in Fig. 3.1.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Calculate the lamina’s weight on Earth using Fig. 3.1.2 marks
- 5What is the mass of the object?1 mark
- 5Which balances also measure mass correctly when used on the Moon?1 mark
- 6What are the mass and the weight of the probe on Earth?1 mark
- 4Which row describes how his mass and his weight compare with their sizes on Earth?1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)Name the force accelerating the stone at this time.1 mark
- 11 What is a possible mass for a normal adult person?1 mark
- 6D Its volume increases.1 mark
- 6D The gravitational field strength on planet X is three times the gravitational field strength on planet Y.1 mark
- 66 Which piece of equipment is used to measure mass?1 mark
- 7What is the gravitational field strength on the Moon?1 mark
- 857.0 What is the unit of the reading on the electronic balance and what is the unit of weight?1 mark
- 9What is the gravitational field strength on the Moon?1 mark
- 9Which arrow shows the direction of the gravitational force acting on the block?1 mark
- 10Which row describes how his mass and his weight compare with their sizes on Earth?1 mark
- 9Which arrow shows the direction of the gravitational force acting on the block?1 mark
- 10What is the weight of the robot vehicle on Mars?1 mark
- 7newton meter beam balance 1.5 kg 0.5 kg brick brick What is measured by each instrument?1 mark
- 44 Which property of a body resists change from a state of rest or of motion?1 mark
- 5newton meter beam balance 1.5 kg 0.5 kg brick brick What is measured by each instrument?1 mark
1.4Density
- 7Which items of equipment are needed?1 mark
- 11Which equation is used to calculate the density of the metal from which the block is made?1 mark
- 7What is the density of the rock?1 mark
- 7What is the density in kg/m3?1 mark
- 4density of X What is the value of the ratio ?1 mark
- 2(a)(i)Show that the water mass is approximately 6700 kg.2 marks
- 4What is the density of the rock?1 mark
- 6Which pieces of equipment does the student use?1 mark
- 7Which equipment does the student use?1 mark
- 7D The density of cylinder P is half that of cylinder Q.1 mark
- 7D The density of cylinder P is half that of cylinder Q.1 mark
- 11What is the mass of the block?1 mark
- 3(a)(i)State what is meant by mass.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Calculate its volume, in cm³.2 marks
- 3(a)(iii)Calculate its thickness, in cm.2 marks
- 3(b)Name a measuring instrument that can accurately measure the thickness of the thin plastic sheet in Fig. 3.1.1 mark
- 3(a)Calculate its mass to two significant figures.2 marks
- 3(b)(i)Name an instrument to measure this volume accurately.1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)1State and explain which liquid is the unknown one.2 marks
- 3(b)(ii)2Using your liquid choice from 3(b)(ii)1, Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2, state and explain which beaker and contents have greater mass.1 mark
- 3(c)State what its position implies about the density of the wood.1 mark
1.5Forces
- 5What is the pressure exerted on the palm of each of the athlete’s hands?1 mark
- 6D The upward force on the parachute is less than the weight of the parachutist.1 mark
- 8load/N 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 extension/cm 0 3 6 9 12 15 20 27 38 Between which two loads is the limit of proportionality?1 mark
- 9Which force is the other force in the pair?1 mark
- 12Where is the centre of gravity of the object?1 mark
- 88 Which list contains only quantities that can be changed by a force?1 mark
- 9resultant force 0 0 t 0 time Which graph is the speed–time graph for the object?1 mark
- 10Which diagram shows the free-body diagram for the object?1 mark
- 11load X 0 0 extension What does point X show?1 mark
- 12What is the direction of the resultant force acting on the car?1 mark
- 13On which part of the plank is the object placed?1 mark
- 14D Objects with identical bases are more stable when the centre of gravity is higher.1 mark
- 5At which point is the limit of proportionality?1 mark
- 1(b)(i)Explain, in terms of the forces acting, why the acceleration decreases, and why it eventually becomes zero.3 marks
- 7(d)(i)Give the unit of your answer.3 marks
- 9(c)(i)State the name of the force that acts on the comet.1 mark
- 9(c)(ii)On Fig. 9.1, mark the direction of the force that acts on the comet at each of the four positions shown.1 mark
- 9(c)(iii)Explain your answer.2 marks
- 8Which diagram represents the forces acting on the object?1 mark
- 9Which expression is the moment of force F about the pivot?1 mark
- 5In which direction does the surface push back on the object?1 mark
- 6Which row gives the expression for calculating the thinking distance and gives a variable that affects thinking distance?1 mark
- 7What is the total length of the spring when the weight of the suspended mass is 3.0N?1 mark
- 83 The moment of a force is equal to the force × pressure on the pivot.1 mark
- 9Which object is the most stable?1 mark
- 7R 800 N Which row shows the motion of the car for the given value of R?1 mark
- 8P the force on the Moon due to the Earth Q the force on the Earth due to the Sun R the force on the Earth due to the Moon S the force on the Moon due to the Sun Which two forces are a Newton’s third law pair?1 mark
- 9Which force is the force due to friction on the box?1 mark
- 10Which thread is the most difficult to stretch over the range of loads shown?1 mark
- 11In which direction is the force on the satellite when it is in the position shown?1 mark
- 12jib counterweight P 2.3 m 5800 N 2300 N What is the horizontal distance between the 2300N load and P so that there is no moment about P?1 mark
- 1(d)On Fig. 1.1, draw an arrow to show the direction of the resultant force on the ball at point B.1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Read both edges of the 50 g load in Fig. 3.2 and determine the position of its centre on the rule.2 marks
- 3(a)(ii)Using your centre position from 3(a)(i), calculate distance d from the centre of the 50 g load to the 50.0 cm pivot in Fig. 3.1.1 mark
- 3(a)(iii)Calculate 1000 / d from your 3(a)(ii) distance in cm and record it to three significant figures in the first row of Table 3.1, in cm⁻¹.2 marks
- 3(b)Describe a technique to make distance d as accurate as possible.1 mark
- 3(c)Plot m / g on the y-axis against 1000 / d in cm⁻¹ on the x-axis on Fig. 3.3 and draw a straight line of best fit.4 marks
- 3(d)(i)Show working and mark on your graph the values used.2 marks
- 3(d)(ii)Use your own gradient G from 3(d)(i) and M = 22.2 × G to determine the fixed load mass M, in g.1 mark
- 3(e)Explain why the Fig. 3.1 balancing method is unsuitable if the movable load has mass m = 40 g.1 mark
- 3D The frictional force is less than the pushing force.1 mark
- 5What is the new length of the spring?1 mark
- 6d 2 P d d 3 1 d F 4 O What is the moment of F about O?1 mark
- 7F 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 pivot P W What is the magnitude of P?1 mark
- 5submarine 1000 kg 2.0 m / s What is the resultant force exerted on the submarine as it sinks?1 mark
- 6What happens to the velocity and to the acceleration of the ball during the first few seconds after release?1 mark
- 7W X Y Z stopping distance/m 12 16 17 40 Which two results are possible measurements on the dry road with old, worn tyres?1 mark
- 8What is the new length of the spring?1 mark
- 9Which arrow shows the direction of the force on the International Space Station when it is at point X?1 mark
- 1(c)Suggest two reasons.2 marks
- 3(b)(i)Using Fig. 3.1, calculate the moment of the weight about pivot H.2 marks
- 3(b)(ii)Describe its motion until it stops moving.3 marks
- 3(b)(iii)Show working and answer in N.1 mark
- 3(e)(i)Using your F₂, A₁ and A₂, and F₁=3.0 N, calculate two values of k to suitable significant figures.2 marks
- 3(e)(ii)Explain whether the student’s claim is supported by your results.1 mark
- 4Explain the procedure and θ measurement; identify controls; draw a results table with headings and units (no readings); explain how to reach a conclusion.6 marks
- 1(a)(i)Measure its body length l₀ to the nearest 0.1 cm, excluding the end loops.1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)Using your l₀ from (a)(i), calculate its extension e=l₁−l₀ in cm.1 mark
- 1(a)(iii)State the result in N/m.1 mark
- 1(a)(iv)Explain what a parallax error is when reading the extension and how to avoid it.2 marks
- 36.0 N 8.0 N Which diagram shows the resultant R of these two forces?1 mark
- 73.6 N 6.0 N What is the mass of the trolley?1 mark
- 88 force / N 6 4 2 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 length of spring / cm What is the spring constant k of the spring?1 mark
- 960 N 20 cm 30 cm pivot weight of beam What is the weight of the beam?1 mark
- 33 What is the size of the resultant of the two forces shown?1 mark
- 8Which row shows whether the two forces are of the same type and whether they act on the same object?1 mark
- 10load R Q P 0 0 extension Which point is the limit of proportionality for the spring and what is the spring constant of the spring equal to?1 mark
- 1120 cm object left pivot right 40 N Which force and position balances the system?1 mark
- 1(b)Give your answer in kg.3 marks
- 4(a)(ii)Compare the force exerted by the finger on the drawing pin with the force exerted by the drawing pin on the wooden board.1 mark
- 1(b)(i)Name two forces that cause the change in motion after t = 10 s.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)Suggest why Fig. 1.1 is a curve after t = 10 s.1 mark
- 1(c)(ii)For the same 10 s interval and 1200 kg car, calculate the average resultant force exerted on it.2 marks
- 55 Which object has the largest resultant force acting on it?1 mark
- 6What force is exerted by the trailer on the tractor?1 mark
- 7Which row describes the acceleration of the skydiver and the velocity of the skydiver?1 mark
- 88 Which car experiences a resultant force that is not zero?1 mark
- 9Where must the centre of gravity of the car be?1 mark
- 1(b)(i)State the force of air resistance acting on the stone at t = 0.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)State the force of air resistance acting on the stone at t = 10 s.1 mark
- 1(b)(iii)Explain why the force of air resistance changes between t = 0 and t = 10 s.1 mark
- 1(c)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
- 5What effect does this have on the engine and on the truck?1 mark
- 88 Which diagram shows the addition of the 4.0N and the 3.0N forces?1 mark
- 1Which row describes the forces acting on the apple and the motion of the apple as it falls?1 mark
- 3What effect does this have on the engine and on the truck?1 mark
- 44 On which car is there a resultant force?1 mark
- 1010 Which diagram shows the addition of the 4.0N and the 3.0N forces?1 mark
- 3D The resultant force on the satellite is in direction D.1 mark
- 5What happens to the braking distance and to the frictional force between the tyres and the road?1 mark
- 8Which fibre is the most difficult to stretch over the range of loads shown?1 mark
- 9tension in muscle load elbow (pivot) hand 5.0 cm 40 N 35 cm What is the tension in the muscle due to the load?1 mark
- 10Which object is the least stable?1 mark
- 11Which scale diagram shows the forces that have a resultant of 4.0N?1 mark
- 2Which scale diagram shows the forces that have a resultant of 4.0N?1 mark
- 66 Which forces act on a skydiver who is falling at terminal velocity?1 mark
- 7D It starts to rotate.1 mark
- 10D The mass of X is equal to the mass of Y.1 mark
- 11What is the car’s acceleration and its velocity after 4.0s?1 mark
- 12Which fibre is the most difficult to stretch over the range of loads shown?1 mark
- 13Which object is the least stable?1 mark
- 3Which value of R is not possible?1 mark
- 5resultant force 0 0 t time 0 Which graph is the speed-time graph for the object?1 mark
- 6D His weight decreases and balances the air resistance.1 mark
- 7Which two quantities are always in the same direction as each other?1 mark
- 8D Its velocity is constant.1 mark
- 11D The load and the extension are inversely proportional for all loads.1 mark
- 120.50 m 0.40 m d 300 N 350 N 100 N What is the length d?1 mark
- 2Which value of R is not possible?1 mark
- 6What is the size of the upwards force exerted on the bracket by the wall?1 mark
- 7What is the average resultant force?1 mark
- 8D They are unbalanced with a resultant in the direction towards the centre.1 mark
- 12D The load and the extension are inversely proportional for all loads.1 mark
- 13Which point is the limit of proportionality?1 mark
- 5What is the acceleration of the sledge?1 mark
- 6What is the direction of the resultant force acting on the car?1 mark
- 8Which list contains only quantities that can be changed by the force?1 mark
- 960 N 20 cm 30 cm pivot weight of beam What is the weight of the beam?1 mark
- 10Which lamp is the most stable?1 mark
- 2What is the acceleration of the sledge?1 mark
- 3What is the direction of the resultant force acting on the car?1 mark
- 6What is the size and direction of this force?1 mark
- 1(a)Explain, using ideas about the forces, why his initial downwards acceleration is 10 m / s2.2 marks
- 1(b)Explain why, comparing the upward air resistance with his 600 N weight.1 mark
- 1(c)(i)Determine his terminal speed from the graph.1 mark
- 1(c)(ii)Calculate the resultant force on him at 5.5 m/s.1 mark
- 2(a)(i)State the name of point P.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)extension / cm Using Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2, determine the mass X.1 mark
- 2(a)(iii)Using Fig. 2.2 and g = 10 N/kg, calculate the weight of X.1 mark
- 2(b)State and explain how the extension in Fig. 2.3 compares with the extension in Fig. 2.1.2 marks
- 3(a)(ii)Using Fig. 3.1, identify which spring has been stretched beyond its limit of proportionality and justify your choice with values from the table.2 marks
- 3(a)(iii)Calculate the unstretched length of spring A.1 mark
- 3(b)Describe how the student can use spring A to determine the mass of a small rock.2 marks
- 3(a)(i)State the weight shown, with a unit.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Explain why the student must stand still when reading the scales in Fig. 3.1 and Fig. 3.2.1 mark
- 3(a)(iii)Why is it more accurate to read the Fig. 3.2 bathroom scales from directly above?1 mark
- 3(b)(i)Why must the force increase slowly?1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)Why is the box placed near the edge of the bench in Fig. 3.3?1 mark
1.6Momentum
- 3(b)(i)Define ‘momentum’.1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)Using ideas about momentum, explain why there is a force on the wall of the tyre as the particle collides with it.2 marks
- 13What is the change in the momentum of the car due to acceleration?1 mark
- 2(c)(i)Calculate the momentum of the aircraft at the maximum speed.2 marks
- 2(c)(ii)Calculate the time taken for the aircraft to reach the maximum speed.2 marks
- 1(b)Using the collision speeds in Fig. 1.2, show that momentum is conserved.2 marks
- 1(c)Explain why the collision force is larger.2 marks
- 1010 Which expression is equal to impulse?1 mark
- 1(b)Explain, using momentum, why the rocket accelerates upwards.3 marks
- 2(a)Calculate the momentum of the spacecraft.2 marks
- 2(b)(i)Calculate the speed of the rear part.3 marks
- 2(b)(iii)Calculate the average force on that part.3 marks
- 10Which expression is used to calculate the time for which the force acts?1 mark
- 2(a)(i)Define ‘momentum’.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)State the unit of momentum.1 mark
- 2(b)Give your answer in m/s.2 marks
- 1(c)(i)Give the unit.2 marks
1.7Energy, work and power
- 13fossil fuel hydroelectric solar nuclear geothermal wind tides How many of these energy sources are renewable energy sources?1 mark
- 15What is the name of this energy store?1 mark
- 16D It stays the same.1 mark
- 1717 What is the definition of efficiency?1 mark
- 18Which equation is used to calculate the power P required to lift the object?1 mark
- 8What is its kinetic energy?1 mark
- 99 Which row shows an advantage and a disadvantage of using nuclear fuel to generate electrical power?1 mark
- 1010 Which row gives the definition of work done and the unit of work done?1 mark
- 2(a)Define ‘power’.1 mark
- 2(b)Calculate the input power to the motor.2 marks
- 2(c)(i)Calculate the work done in lifting the load.2 marks
- 2(c)(ii)Calculate the time taken to lift the load.2 marks
- 2(d)Describe how energy is transferred to thermal energy as the load is lifted by the fork-lift truck.1 mark
- 10weight of rocket 1.9MN average air resistance 0.10MN force from engine 3.5MN How much of the work done on the rocket is used to increase its speed in the first 100m?1 mark
- 1111 Which equation is used to calculate the efficiency of an energy transfer?1 mark
- 12In which combination of mass, distance and time is the greatest power transferred?1 mark
- 103.0 m 8.0 m Which calculation gives the change in gravitational potential energy from the bottom to the top?1 mark
- 11NOT TO 1.5 m SCALE 2.0 m What is the work done against the force of gravity?1 mark
- 1212 Which method of producing electricity does not involve a turbine?1 mark
- 13What is the efficiency of the lamp?1 mark
- 14What is the height of the building?1 mark
- 1515 Which energy source is available constantly over a 24-hour period?1 mark
- 16What is the efficiency of the lamp?1 mark
- 1717 Which quantity is not measured in joules (J)?1 mark
- 1(b)Arrange these four speeds from slowest to fastest (slowest → fastest).1 mark
- 1(c)Name the force involved in the work done and describe the energy transfer.3 marks
- 3(b)(iv)Using your answer to (iii) and Fig. 3.2, determine the power of the heater used to warm the ice.2 marks
- 3(a)(i)Complete the two energy-store labels in Fig. 3.2: the Sun and the battery.2 marks
- 3(a)(ii)Why does the Fig. 3.1 solar charger take longer to charge the phone battery on a cloudy day?1 mark
- 8Which chair has the most gravitational potential energy?1 mark
- 9Do these use renewable sources of energy?1 mark
- 1010 Which energy resource is correctly described?1 mark
- 11What is the electrical energy input to the motor in this time?1 mark
- 2Which quantity for the car is constant and greater than zero?1 mark
- 11What is force F?1 mark
- 12At which point is the gravitational potential energy stored in the ball the maximum?1 mark
- 13D Turbines are used to drive an electric generator.1 mark
- 14Which expression is used to calculate the efficiency of the motor when the load is being lifted at a constant rate?1 mark
- 15For how long is the motor switched on?1 mark
- 2(b)(i)State the equation defining work done, referring to the direction of the force.1 mark
- 2(b)(ii)Calculate work done by the driving force over 280 m, in joules.2 marks
- 2(b)(iii)Calculate its mass in kg.3 marks
- 2(b)(ii)State the energy transfer in the explosion.1 mark
- 11Which expression is equal to the useful work done on the stone?1 mark
- 12Which energy store is associated with the burning candle?1 mark
- 12rope d pulley P h W How much work is done by the worker?1 mark
- 13What is the energy store in the battery?1 mark
- 2(c)(i)Give your answer in J.2 marks
- 2(c)(ii)State the transfer of energy that occurs in the collision.1 mark
- 8(a)(i)State what is meant by ‘efficiency’.1 mark
- 8(a)(ii)Suggest why the efficiency of a filament lamp is very low.1 mark
- 8(b)Give your answer in %.2 marks
- 2(a)(i)State the name of the energy store in the scooter battery.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)Describe, in terms of work done, the stages of energy transfer from the battery store to the scooter’s kinetic energy.2 marks
- 2(b)Calculate their total kinetic energy at 4.0 m/s.2 marks
- 2(c)(i)Define a kilowatt-hour.1 mark
- 2(c)(ii)Calculate the time for a full recharge in hours.2 marks
- 10What is the equation for the work done on the block by the rope?1 mark
- 1111 Which uses a non-renewable energy source?1 mark
- 12generator?1 mark
- 2(b)Apart from transfers of thermal energy, describe the energy transfers as the car accelerates up the hill.3 marks
- 2(c)Calculate its speed.3 marks
- 4(a)Name this energy resource.1 mark
- 9D Use a fuse with a lower current rating.1 mark
- 11cold steam and water hot water Which useful energy transformation is taking place?1 mark
- 12How long does it take to raise the load?1 mark
- 12How does he calculate his power?1 mark
- 13D Turbines are used to drive an electric generator.1 mark
- 1414 Which power station produces carbon dioxide when operating?1 mark
- 15What are the values of E and W?1 mark
- 13Which quantity?1 mark
- 14What is the electrical energy input to the motor in this time?1 mark
- 15What is the power output?1 mark
- 14What is the electrical energy input to the motor in this time?1 mark
- 15(not to scale) 1.5 m 2.0 m What is the work done against the force of gravity?1 mark
- 1616 Which energy source is non-renewable?1 mark
- 17In which order does the energy pass through parts of the power station?1 mark
- 11What is the change in gravitational potential energy and what is the final kinetic energy of the child?1 mark
- 1212 What uses non-renewable energy?1 mark
- 14Y 5.0 m 300 N 3.0 m X 4.0 m How much work is done by the force when moving the box from X to Y?1 mark
- 9Y 5.0 m 300 N 3.0 m X 4.0 m How much work is done by the force when moving the box from X to Y?1 mark
- 11(b)(i)1Calculate the current in its transmission wires.2 marks
- 11(b)(i)2Calculate the electrical energy supplied to the factory in one hour.2 marks
- 11(b)(ii)Explain why transmitting at this high voltage reduces energy loss in the lines.2 marks
- 2(a)Calculate the increase in gravitational potential energy of the load.2 marks
- 2(b)(i)State the formula that relates efficiency, energy input and useful energy output.1 mark
- 2(b)(ii)Calculate the energy input to the motor.2 marks
- 2(c)Suggest one reason why the efficiency of the motor is less than 1.0 (100%).1 mark
1.8Pressure
- 5What is the pressure exerted on the palm of each of the athlete’s hands?1 mark
- 19D The weight of the block is 1.0N and A is 1.0m2.1 mark
- 20In which container is the force exerted by the liquid on the bottom of the container the greatest?1 mark
- 11W w How do these forces and pressures compare?1 mark
- 12Which changes both increase the pressure beneath the surface of a liquid?1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Calculate the pressure exerted by the flat tyre on the road.2 marks
- 3(a)(ii)State how the area of the tyre in contact with the road changes.1 mark
- 14atmospheric pressure = 100000Pa density of water = 1000kg/m3 What is the total pressure acting on the camera?1 mark
- 2(b)Show your working.2 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Define pressure.1 mark
- 2(a)(iii)Using the Fig. 2.1 pool depth 0.80 m and water density 1000 kg/m³, calculate pressure on the base due to the water, in Pa.2 marks
- 12On the base of which beaker is the pressure greatest?1 mark
- 13NOT TO SCALE 5.0 m Which expression gives the pressure exerted on the swimmer due to the water?1 mark
- 16D Use a wider post.1 mark
- 1(a)(i)Explain, using particles, why the air exerts pressure on the rocket walls.3 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Explain why adding more air particles increases pressure.1 mark
- 4(a)(i)Using Fig. 4.1, calculate the total pressure in the liquid at the bottom of the tube.3 marks
- 4(a)(ii)Using Fig. 4.1, calculate the force on the inside surface of the tube’s bottom.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)Describe what happens in the inverted tube when the sheet is removed.3 marks
- 4(b)(ii)Using Fig. 4.2, describe the measurement made with this apparatus and how it is used to calculate atmospheric pressure.2 marks
- 13What is the average pressure due to the elephant when it is standing stationary on all four feet on level ground?1 mark
- 4(a)(i)Give your answer in Pa.2 marks
- 4(a)(iii)Explain why the drawing pin goes into the wooden board but not into the finger.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)Explain why the water emerges from each hole in a direction at right angles to the surface of the bag.2 marks
- 4(b)(ii)Explain why the water emerges faster from the hole at A than from the hole at B.1 mark
- 3(b)Calculate the gas pressure.3 marks
- 13Which height is a measure of the atmospheric pressure?1 mark
- 11When the atmospheric pressure decreases, which length decreases?1 mark
- 13In which container does the liquid produce the greatest pressure at the bottom of the container?1 mark
- 14What is the smallest pressure that it can exert when resting on a horizontal surface?1 mark
- 16When the atmospheric pressure decreases, which length decreases?1 mark
- 14Which graph shows this relationship?1 mark
- 15What is the pressure exerted on the ground?1 mark
- 16Which height is a measure of the atmospheric pressure?1 mark
- 16Which graph shows this relationship?1 mark
- 17Which height is a measure of the atmospheric pressure?1 mark
- 16X Y Z How does the pressure at point X compare to the pressure at points Y and Z?1 mark
- 17What is the pressure, above atmospheric pressure, of the gas in the cylinder?1 mark
- 18D The shapes of the containers are different.1 mark
- 19What is the pressure, above atmospheric pressure, of the gas in the cylinder?1 mark
- 15At which point is the pressure the greatest?1 mark
- 10At which point is the pressure the greatest?1 mark
- 11What is the pressure exerted on the ground due to the block?1 mark
- 12(c)(i)Calculate force F on piston R.2 marks
- 12(c)(ii)Explain why.2 marks
- 2 Thermal physics
2.1Kinetic particle model of matter
- 10What is the new volume of this sample of gas?1 mark
- 14D It has melted.1 mark
- 15Which graph shows the relationship between the temperature and the volume of a sample of gas at constant pressure?1 mark
- 211 2 3 Which words complete the table?1 mark
- 22What is the pressure of the trapped air when the tube is vertical?1 mark
- 23X Y gas liquid solid Which row gives the names of the two changes of state?1 mark
- 13Which quantity decreases?1 mark
- 14What is the new pressure of the air?1 mark
- 3(c)Using ideas about particles, explain why the pressure increases.2 marks
- 13What is the new air pressure inside the container?1 mark
- 14gas syringe Which row describes how a change in the temperature of the gas affects its pressure?1 mark
- 1515 In which example are the particles in fixed positions?1 mark
- 16D They stay the same distance apart and their average speed decreases.1 mark
- 17Which syringe shows the smallest pressure change?1 mark
- 1818 Which description of a liquid is correct?1 mark
- 19What is then seen in the box?1 mark
- 2(a)(i)Explain, using ideas about particles, how the steam creates a pressure on the piston.2 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Explain why the pressure on the piston increases as the temperature of the steam increases.2 marks
- 5(b)Explain, using air particles, why balloon volume increases as temperature rises.3 marks
- 14What is the new gas pressure?1 mark
- 18D The particles lose kinetic energy and they hit the cylinder harder and more often.1 mark
- 19What is the new pressure of the gas?1 mark
- 20kitchen hotplate of pot Y pot X surface a cooker What happens to the average kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid water in pot X and to the average kinetic energy of the particles in the liquid water in pot Y?1 mark
- 3(a)Explain using particles why a liquid expands when heated.2 marks
- 1414 Which row describes the shape and the volume of a liquid at constant temperature?1 mark
- 1515 Which row shows how the forces and the distances between the particles in a solid generally compare with the forces and distances in a liquid?1 mark
- 14D They have particles in fixed positions.1 mark
- 15D The temperature of the gas is increasing.1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Describe why rotating the tube changes the pressure of the gas at its sealed end.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Explain, using ideas about particles, why gas pressure decreases when its volume increases at constant temperature.3 marks
- 3(c)On Fig. 3.3 sketch pressure against volume as pressure falls from 2P₀ to ½P₀.2 marks
- 14D They vibrate faster.1 mark
- 3(a)Explain, in terms of particles, how the air exerts pressure on the inside surface of the bag.2 marks
- 3(b)(i)Calculate the volume of the air in the bag at ground level.2 marks
- 3(b)(ii)State one assumption made in your calculation in (b)(i).1 mark
- 3(c)Sketch on Fig. 3.2 how the volume of the air in the bag varies with pressure.2 marks
- 1020 cm 40 cm trapped air What is the new air pressure?1 mark
- 12D They move more slowly.1 mark
- 8Which row is correct?1 mark
- 1520 cm 40 cm trapped air What is the new air pressure?1 mark
- 18D They move more slowly.1 mark
- 18D The volume of the air inside the packet decreases.1 mark
- 19D They hit the container more frequently.1 mark
- 19Which diagram shows the relationship between the volume and the pressure of the gas?1 mark
- 20What best describes the substance?1 mark
- 202 Which equation is correct?1 mark
- 21What best describes the substance?1 mark
- 16What is the volume of the air bubble at the bottom of the lake?1 mark
- 17D They move further apart.1 mark
- 12What is the volume of the air bubble at the bottom of the lake?1 mark
- 13D They move further apart.1 mark
- 16cooling unit When the refrigerator is first switched on, what happens to the air near the cooling unit?1 mark
2.2Thermal properties and temperatuare
- 16D The kinetic energy of its particles increases.1 mark
- 211 2 3 Which words complete the table?1 mark
- 15W Y gas liquid solid X Z Which row gives the names of the four changes of state?1 mark
- 8(c)(i)State what is meant by ‘specific heat capacity’.2 marks
- 8(c)(ii)Suggest and explain whether the coolant should have a large or a small specific heat capacity.1 mark
- 15What is the melting temperature of gold on the Kelvin scale?1 mark
- 16melting boiling element temperature temperature /°C /°C argon –189 –185 nitrogen –210 –196 oxygen –218 –183 At which temperature are the three elements in different states?1 mark
- 17What reduces the rate of loss of liquid by evaporation?1 mark
- 18Which physical property changes so that the temperature can be measured?1 mark
- 19D When a boiling liquid is heated its temperature remains constant.1 mark
- 20Which process causes the drops to form?1 mark
- 2121 What is the specific heat capacity of a liquid?1 mark
- 3(b)(i)State the melting temperature of ice in kelvin.1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)Explain why the temperature of the water is constant as the ice melts.2 marks
- 3(b)(iii)Calculate the energy required to warm the ice to its melting temperature.2 marks
- 3(b)(iv)Using your answer to (iii) and Fig. 3.2, determine the power of the heater used to warm the ice.2 marks
- 3(b)(v)Suggest one reason why.1 mark
- 2(a)(iv)Using the water mass from 2(a)(i), calculate its final temperature.3 marks
- 2(b)(i)Explain, in terms of particle motion, why evaporation cools the Fig. 2.1 pool water.2 marks
- 2(b)(ii)State two environmental changes that increase evaporation from the Fig. 2.1 pool.1 mark
- 2(a)(i)Measure the temperature θ, start the stopwatch immediately and record the reading in Table 2.1 at t = 0 s.1 mark
- 2(a)(i)Record the initial temperature in Table 2.1.1 mark
- 15Z temperature Y X 0 0 time Which row describes what is happening at X, Y and Z?1 mark
- 1717 Which diagram shows the names of the changes of state that correspond to the directions of the arrows?1 mark
- 3(b)(iii)State water’s boiling temperature at standard atmospheric pressure, including its unit.1 mark
- 3(b)(iv)Calculate the increase in the water’s internal energy in joules.3 marks
- 5(a)(i)Explain in terms of particle motion why the temperature of water remaining in the sponge block decreases.2 marks
- 5(a)(ii)Using Fig. 5.1, explain why energy is needed when the water evaporates.1 mark
- 5(b)State two ways in which evaporation in the device of Fig. 5.1 differs from boiling.2 marks
- 2(a)(i)Record its reading to the nearest 0.5 °C in the missing Table 2.1 cell.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)Explain why the student waits about 30 seconds before the initial hot-water temperature reading.1 mark
- 16Which words are inserted into gap 1 and gap 2 to correctly complete the sentence?1 mark
- 16P Q lid hair dryer glass container expansion of liquid in a thermometer expansion of a tight lid on a glass container R roof metal beams fixed end free end walls on rollers expansion of the long metal beams supporting a roof In which diagrams is the thermal expansion useful?1 mark
- 5(a)Explain, using ideas about particles, why liquids expand more than solids for the same temperature rise.2 marks
- 5(b)(i)Give your answer in K.1 mark
- 5(b)(ii)Explain, in terms of particles, why energy must be provided even though the temperature stays constant.1 mark
- 5(c)Give your answer in J/(g °C).3 marks
- 4(a)(i)State the lowest possible temperature on the Celsius scale and on the Kelvin scale.1 mark
- 4(a)(ii)Describe how the motion of its particles changes.2 marks
- 4(a)(iii)State what happens to its internal energy and temperature during melting.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)Calculate the increase in the water’s internal energy.2 marks
- 4(b)(ii)Using the same 300 g iron, 100 g water and 44 °C final temperature, calculate the specific heat capacity of iron in J/(g °C).2 marks
- 1(a)Record it in °C.1 mark
- 1(b)(i)Using θ₁ from Fig. 1.1, calculate θ₂ − θ₁.1 mark
- 1(b)(ii)Give two distinct actions.2 marks
- 1(b)(iii)Suggest why it is suitable for this experiment.1 mark
- 1(b)(iv)Give J/(g °C).1 mark
- 1(c)(i)Describe two distinct sources of error in this method of determining cₘ.2 marks
- 1(c)(ii)Suggest two distinct improvements to reduce errors in the method.2 marks
- 15D The metal lid expands.1 mark
- 16Which term describes this process?1 mark
- 4(b)(i)Calculate the thermal energy needed to heat this water.2 marks
- 4(b)(ii)Explain why 1 kg of steam at 100 °C gives out more thermal energy when it cools to water at 20 °C than 1 kg of water at 100 °C cooling to 20 °C.3 marks
- 13W Y gas liquid solid X Z Which row gives the names of the four changes of state?1 mark
- 1414 What increases when a liquid becomes a gas at its boiling point?1 mark
- 16Which calculation gives the amount of thermal energy, in J, absorbed by the lead?1 mark
- 17Which process causes the drops to form?1 mark
- 19Which expression gives the specific latent heat, in J/kg, of the lead?1 mark
- 2020 What increases when a liquid becomes a gas at its boiling point?1 mark
- 21Which row shows how the ranges and the sensitivities of the thermometers compare?1 mark
- 1717 What is described as ‘the escape of more energetic molecules from the surface of a liquid’?1 mark
- 1825 °C 40 °C 250 °C 300 °C 20 °C 200 °C 260 °C 15 °C 150 °C 220 °C 35 °C 10 °C 100 °C 180 °C 5 °C 50 °C 140 °C 0 °C 30 °C 0 °C 100 °C P Q R S Which thermometer has the greatest sensitivity and which thermometer has the greatest range?1 mark
- 19D The molecules expand and the spaces between the molecules do not change size.1 mark
- 20D Copper has a smaller specific latent heat.1 mark
- 21column of mercury capillary tube X What is in region X of the capillary tube?1 mark
- 2225 °C 40 °C 250 °C 300 °C 20 °C 200 °C 260 °C 15 °C 150 °C 220 °C 35 °C 10 °C 100 °C 180 °C 5 °C 50 °C 140 °C 0 °C 30 °C 0 °C 100 °C P Q R S Which thermometer has the greatest sensitivity and which thermometer has the greatest range?1 mark
- 230°C 100°C R/Ω 100 250 What is the temperature when R = 160Ω?1 mark
- 18From which beaker does water evaporate the fastest?1 mark
- 21Which element is a liquid over the largest range of temperature?1 mark
- 22Which temperature is 0°C?1 mark
- 23What is the value of h when the temperature is 0°C?1 mark
- 24D There is a large distance between each °C mark on the scale.1 mark
- 25Which physics property explains this?1 mark
- 22Which temperature is 0°C?1 mark
- 23How much thermal energy is removed from the water at 0°C to change it into ice at 0°C?1 mark
- 24Which thermometer is the most sensitive?1 mark
- 14Which thermometer has the larger range and which thermometer has the greater sensitivity?1 mark
- 4(a)Draw a line from each box on the left-hand side to show which expands the most and which expands the least.1 mark
- 4(b)(i)1Describe what is meant by its temperature range.1 mark
- 4(b)(i)2Describe what low sensitivity means for its scale.1 mark
- 4(b)(ii)State one change in the design of a thermometer that increases its sensitivity.1 mark
- 10(a)(i)State what is meant by melting point.2 marks
- 10(a)(ii)For a liquid between its melting and boiling points, describe in molecular terms what changes when the liquid evaporates.3 marks
- 10(c)(i)State what is inside the bubbles.1 mark
- 10(c)(ii)1Calculate the thermal energy lost by the metal.3 marks
- 10(c)(ii)2Calculate the mass of nitrogen that boils away.2 marks
- 4(a)State what is inside each bubble.1 mark
- 4(b)During this time • the mass of water in the beaker decreases by 20 g • the energy supplied to the hot-plate is 52 000 J • the energy lost from the hot-plate and beaker to the atmosphere is 6000 J Calculate the specific latent heat of vaporisation of water.3 marks
- 4(c)Explain, using ideas about molecules, how evaporation causes cooling.2 marks
2.3Transfer of thermal energy
- 17Which can cools the most rapidly?1 mark
- 24Which surface transfers energy by thermal radiation at the fastest rate?1 mark
- 25Which sphere emits infrared radiation at the greatest rate?1 mark
- 16How is the thermal energy transferred from the hotplate to the metal pan?1 mark
- 17What happens to the heated water?1 mark
- 1818 What is the colour and what is the texture of the best absorber of infrared radiation?1 mark
- 20D The water at the side falls because it becomes less dense.1 mark
- 21D Shiny metal foil is a poor emitter of infrared radiation.1 mark
- 22D White surfaces are better emitters of infrared radiation than black surfaces.1 mark
- 3(a)By referring to particles, describe the process of thermal conduction in a metal.2 marks
- 3(b)Name and describe the three processes transferring energy from its outside surface.3 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Use your own measurements.1 mark
- 2(a)(iii)Give the unit.2 marks
- 2(a)(iv)Give the unit.1 mark
- 2(a)(v)Compare C₁ and C₂ and explain any difference.1 mark
- 2(b)(i)Measure the initial temperature of the hot water and start the stopwatch.1 mark
- 2(b)(ii)Give the unit.1 mark
- 2(b)(iii)Explain your answer.1 mark
- 2(b)(iv)State one variable to keep constant for a valid comparison of C₁ and C₃.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)Explain why the water is carefully stirred before each temperature reading.1 mark
- 2(a)(iii)Give the unit.2 marks
- 2(a)(iv)Give the unit.1 mark
- 2(a)(v)Compare C₁ and C₂ and explain any difference.1 mark
- 2(b)(i)Give the unit.1 mark
- 2(b)(ii)Explain your answer.1 mark
- 2(b)(iii)By referring to the results in both tables, explain why this experiment is not a valid comparison of C₁ and C₃.1 mark
- 2(b)(iv)State one other variable that should be kept constant for a valid comparison.1 mark
- 2(a)Read Fig. 2.3 and enter the temperature in Table 2.1 at t = 0 s.1 mark
- 2(b)(i)Complete the units in the Table 2.1 headings: time t / , temperature θ / for a test-tube cooling in cold water, and temperature θ / for a test-tube cooling in warm water.1 mark
- 2(b)(ii)Complete the seven-entry time column of Table 2.1, beginning at t = 0 s.1 mark
- 2(c)For the arrangement in Fig. 2.2, describe in detail one precaution to make the temperature measurements as accurate as possible.1 mark
- 2(d)(i)Identify and explain the anomalous warm-water temperature reading in Table 2.1.2 marks
- 2(d)(ii)Calculate the decrease in hot-water temperature after 180 s for both beakers.1 mark
- 2(e)(i)Use your answers to 2(d)(ii) to conclude how the water temperature in the beaker affects the rate of cooling of hot water in the test-tube.2 marks
- 2(e)(ii)Suggest one improvement to the procedures with cold and warm beakers to make comparison between their cooling rates more valid.1 mark
- 16D Wrap the bottle in wet paper and put it in a breeze.1 mark
- 17Which suggestions are correct?1 mark
- 21How closely packed are their particles and do the metals contain free electrons?1 mark
- 22D It traps air and prevents convection.1 mark
- 23water grid red-hot glowing coal What are the main thermal energy transfers through the bottom of the kettle and within the water?1 mark
- 3(b)(i)Name the method of thermal energy transfer to water touching the heater.1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)Explain how thermal energy moves through all the water in the kettle.3 marks
- 2(b)(i)Show the decrease/time, give two significant figures and unit.3 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Use the printed bottom-of-water temperatures 86.0 °C and 77.0 °C over 3 min in Table 2.1 to calculate average cooling rate P_B.1 mark
- 2(c)(i)Using your top and bottom cooling rates, suggest why a hot liquid should be stirred before its temperature is measured.1 mark
- 2(c)(ii)State one feature of the Fig. 2.1 or Fig. 2.3 apparatus arrangement that helps read the thermometer accurately.1 mark
- 2(d)Suggest one variable to keep constant.1 mark
- 2(e)After the thermometer is left in the hot water for 30 minutes, predict the water temperature in °C.1 mark
- 17D Molecules are free to move randomly through the solids.1 mark
- 18loft insulation: installation cost, $300 energy cost saving, $300 per year cavity wall insulation: installation cost, $700 double glazing: energy cost saving, $200 per year installation cost, $7000 energy cost saving, $400 per year draught proofing: installation cost, $100 energy cost saving, $30 per year Which type of thermal insulation pays back the cost of installation in the shortest time?1 mark
- 17D There are free electrons in the copper.1 mark
- 18D Particles of the liquid vibrate and pass energy to neighbouring particles.1 mark
- 1(d)(i)State what is meant by a ‘convection current’.1 mark
- 1(d)(ii)Suggest how the convection current that supports the glider is formed.1 mark
- 4Describe the method, key variables to keep constant, an empty results table with units and how to use the readings for a conclusion.6 marks
- 2(a)(i)Describe one way in which the car gains thermal energy.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)Describe one way in which the car loses thermal energy.1 mark
- 4Explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to control; draw a table or tables with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
- 4Explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to control; draw a table or tables with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
- 15Which process makes it easier to remove the lid from the jar?1 mark
- 17D Molecules are free to move randomly through the solids.1 mark
- 20smouldering rope smoke glass fronted box burning candle What is responsible for the movement of the smoke?1 mark
- 21After five minutes in a cool room, which can contains the coolest water?1 mark
- 24In which material is all of the heat transferred by the vibration of molecules?1 mark
- 25After five minutes in a cool room, which can contains the coolest water?1 mark
- 25sensor dull meter shiny silver silver Which surface emits the least radiation and which surface emits the most radiation?1 mark
- 18D White surfaces are better emitters of thermal radiation than black surfaces.1 mark
- 15grill slice of bread How does heat energy reach the bread?1 mark
- 10(b)(i)Suggest where, in the apparatus shown in Fig. 10.1, evaporation occurs.1 mark
- 10(b)(ii)State and explain the advantage of having a vacuum between the two glass walls.3 marks
- 4(a)State one additional piece of apparatus needed.1 mark
- 4(b)State the readings taken; a labelled diagram is optional.3 marks
- 4(c)State two quantities held constant when comparing the black and silver test tubes.2 marks
- 3 Waves
3.1General properties of waves
- 26speed of sound wavelength wave m / s / m 1 340 0.19 2 1500 0.050 3 4000 0.23 4 6700 0.31 Which waves are ultrasound waves?1 mark
- 19What is the speed of the wave?1 mark
- 20What happens to the speed and to the wavelength of the wave?1 mark
- 4(c)(i)On Fig. 4.4, draw the three wavefronts after they pass through the gap.2 marks
- 4(c)(ii)State the name of the process involved as the wavefronts pass through the gap and reach P.1 mark
- 2222 Which quantity is defined as the number of wavelengths passing a point per second?1 mark
- 4(a)(i)State what is meant by 'frequency'.1 mark
- 4(a)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)Describe, by referring to the movement of the particles in the wave, the difference between a longitudinal wave and a transverse wave.3 marks
- 4(b)(ii)State one source of waves that generates both longitudinal and transverse waves.1 mark
- 4(c)Explain why the radio waves in diagram A reach the house but the radio waves in diagram B do not reach the house.2 marks
- 24Which arrow shows the wavelength of a longitudinal wave?1 mark
- 4(a)Calculate the wavelength of the red light in air, in metres.3 marks
- 5(b)Describe how transverse and longitudinal waves differ in vibration direction relative to travel.2 marks
- 10(b)Calculate its wavelength.2 marks
- 1(b)(ii)Show the measured distance and working.2 marks
- 7(a)State one way in which the student’s drawing of the crests in Fig. 7.1 is wrong.1 mark
- 7(b)Complete Fig. 7.2 with at least three crests to show the new diffraction pattern.2 marks
- 7(c)(i)Define the term ‘wavelength’.1 mark
- 7(c)(ii)Give your answer in Hz.2 marks
- 7(c)(iii)Give your answer in cm.1 mark
- 5(a)Underline two other transverse waves from this printed list: seismic P-waves, seismic S-waves, sound, X-rays.1 mark
- 5(b)(i)Calculate wave frequency and wavelength.3 marks
- 5(b)(ii)On Fig. 5.1 draw two crests after they pass the block to show diffraction.2 marks
- 5(b)(iii)Describe how to use the wooden bar to make a wave with a smaller wavelength.1 mark
- 5(b)(iv)Describe how a decrease in wavelength affects diffraction.1 mark
- 17What is the wavelength of this sound in the sea?1 mark
- 20Which distance is the wavelength of the wave?1 mark
- 5(a)Select all the words which describe light waves: electromagnetic, longitudinal, radioactive, transverse.1 mark
- 1818 Which term is the number of crests of a wave passing a point per second?1 mark
- 22D The wavelength is the horizontal distance between a trough and a peak.1 mark
- 26boundary region P region Q How does the wave in region P compare with the wave in region Q?1 mark
- 278 height / mm 6 4 2 0 –2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 –4 distance / cm –6 –8 Which graph shows a wave with twice the amplitude, half the frequency, and the same speed?1 mark
- 1919 For a transverse wave, what is a wavefront?1 mark
- 20W X Y Z Which positions are one wavelength apart?1 mark
- 17Which properties change as the wave refracts?1 mark
- 5(a)Complete Fig. 5.1 for sound and water-surface waves: give each wave’s vibration direction relative to energy transfer and identify its wave type.2 marks
- 5(b)(i)Determine the amplitude of the vibration at time = 0.25 s.1 mark
- 5(b)(ii)Describe how the graph shows that the frequency of the wave is constant.1 mark
3.2Light
- 19What is the new angle between the incident ray and the reflected ray?1 mark
- 21principal axis S O P Q R Which row describes the image formed and gives the position of a principal focus (focal point) of the lens?1 mark
- 2222 In which diagram is the path of the light ray not correct?1 mark
- 23In which direction does the ray of light travel after reaching point Y?1 mark
- 27Which equation is used to calculate the angle of refraction r?1 mark
- 2828 Which diagram shows a ray of light that is reflected by a plane mirror?1 mark
- 29Which statement describes the image produced?1 mark
- 30air glass 40° 50° 20° What is a possible critical angle for light in the glass?1 mark
- 31In which case is the magnification produced the greatest?1 mark
- 21mirror 40° What are the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection?1 mark
- 22Which diagram shows what happens to the light?1 mark
- 231 cm 1 cm O F F What is the magnification of the image formed?1 mark
- 9(b)Explain why the comet at position 3 cannot be seen from Earth when Earth is at position 5.1 mark
- 20mirror NOT TO 30(cid:1) SCALE What is the angle of reflection?1 mark
- 21Which diagram shows the image I formed by the mirror?1 mark
- 22NOT TO SCALE air 42.0(cid:1) medium Q 49.5(cid:1) What is the critical angle for the boundary between medium Q and air?1 mark
- 23What are characteristics of the image formed?1 mark
- 24What is the angle of refraction inside the block?1 mark
- 2525 Which diagram shows rays of light passing through a converging lens?1 mark
- 26D The white light refracts away from the normal as it enters the prism.1 mark
- 2424 Which diagram shows how light from a distant object forms an image in a normal eye?1 mark
- 25Which list of colours is in order of increasing wavelength?1 mark
- 26Which row gives the nature of the image produced and an expression that is the linear magnification?1 mark
- 4(a)(i)State the angle of incidence at P, in degrees.1 mark
- 4(a)(ii)On Fig. 4.1 draw the normal at R and the correctly labelled angle of incidence there.2 marks
- 4(a)(iii)At Q in Fig. 4.1, state two conditions required for no light to refract from glass into air.2 marks
- 3(a)(i)Describe two differences between the illuminated object and its image.2 marks
- 3(a)(ii)Use your own observations.1 mark
- 3(a)(iii)Deduce distance v from the centre of the lens to the screen.1 mark
- 3(a)(iv)Use D = 60.0, 70.0, 80.0, 90.0, 100.0 cm.1 mark
- 3(a)(v)Calculate u × v for each D and record the products to 3 significant figures.2 marks
- 3(b)Draw the straight line of best fit.4 marks
- 3(c)Give f in cm.2 marks
- 3(d)State either “agrees” or “does not agree”.1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Measure distance x on Fig. 3.1 in cm.1 mark
- 3(a)(ii)Use the one-fifth scale and your value of x to calculate the actual object distance u in cm.1 mark
- 3(a)(iii)Deduce the image distance v from the lens to the screen in cm.1 mark
- 3(b)Describe two differences between them.2 marks
- 3(c)(i)Complete the first row with your u and v, then calculate u × v for every row to 3 significant figures.2 marks
- 3(c)(ii)Draw the straight line of best fit.4 marks
- 3(c)(iii)Give f in cm.2 marks
- 3(d)State either “agrees” or “does not agree”.1 mark
- 4List added apparatus; draw and label the arrangement including u and v; describe the method, how to obtain a sharp image, and how to calculate f.6 marks
- 18Which characteristics describe the image?1 mark
- 19Which diagram shows the reflection and refraction of the light?1 mark
- 20D When total internal reflection occurs, the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle.1 mark
- 21lens object image What is the linear magnification produced by the lens?1 mark
- 26Where is the girl’s image?1 mark
- 27What is the angle of incidence in the air?1 mark
- 28Which angle is the critical angle of light in glass?1 mark
- 29image object What is the linear magnification produced by the lens?1 mark
- 4(b)(i)State what happens to its speed, frequency and wavelength on entry.2 marks
- 4(b)(ii)Using the angles in Fig. 4.1, calculate the refractive index of the glass.3 marks
- 4(b)(iii)Draw its path through the block and out into air on Fig. 4.1.2 marks
- 19At which position is the image formed?1 mark
- 20Through which angle is the mirror rotated?1 mark
- 21X 49° NOT TO SCALE 41° i plastic block incident ray Which equation is correct?1 mark
- 22X screen white light Z What happens at point X and what is the colour of the light that strikes the screen at point Z?1 mark
- 1919 Which characteristics describe the image formed by a vertical plane mirror?1 mark
- 2035° 60° What is the refractive index of the transparent material?1 mark
- 21Which diagram shows refraction and an angle i equal to the critical angle of the glass?1 mark
- 6(a)(i)Describe where the display must be positioned relative to the focal length of the lens for the lens to act as a magnifying glass for the image on the display.1 mark
- 6(a)(ii)Explain how a virtual image is formed.1 mark
- 6(b)(i)On Fig. 6.3, draw a ray diagram to show the formation of the virtual image I.3 marks
- 6(b)(ii)Give your answer in cm.1 mark
- 7(b)(i)Name the angle of incidence marked 40°.1 mark
- 7(b)(ii)Using the 40° angle in Fig. 7.1, calculate the refractive index of the glass.2 marks
- 3(a)Measure its height H in cm.1 mark
- 3(b)(i)Measure its height h in cm.1 mark
- 3(b)(ii)Using your image height h measured from Fig. 3.3, calculate 1/h in cm⁻¹ to two significant figures; add h and 1/h to Table 3.1.1 mark
- 3(c)(i)Complete the two missing units in its column headings.1 mark
- 3(c)(ii)Using the image heights in Table 3.1, calculate and record all remaining values of 1/h to two significant figures.1 mark
- 3(d)Using Table 3.1, suggest why object distances u below 20.0 cm are not used.1 mark
- 3(e)Start both axes at (0, 0) and draw a straight best-fit line.4 marks
- 3(f)(i)Using your line on the original graph grid (page 13), calculate gradient m.2 marks
- 3(f)(ii)Using your gradient m from the graph and your measured H from Fig. 3.2, calculate lens focal length f = 1/(mH) in cm.1 mark
- 3(g)Suggest one apparatus improvement that avoids this.1 mark
- 1880° mirror What is the angle of incidence and what is the angle of reflection?1 mark
- 19position of lens O P Q Which point P or Q is a principal focus and what type of image is formed?1 mark
- 5(b)Calculate the angle of refraction r.2 marks
- 5(c)(i)Calculate the critical angle of the glass.2 marks
- 5(c)(ii)State and explain what happens to the ray at P.2 marks
- 2(a)Describe two precautions to ensure the apparatus is set up safely.2 marks
- 2(b)Use your own laboratory observations.2 marks
- 2(c)(i)Measure x from the centre of the lens to the centre of the lamp and y from the bench to the centre of the lens.2 marks
- 2(c)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
- 2(d)(i)State why this arrangement cannot accurately determine the focal length of the clamped lens.1 mark
- 2(d)(ii)Suggest how to change the arrangement to determine the focal length accurately.1 mark
- 2(a)Describe two precautions to ensure that the apparatus is set up safely.2 marks
- 2(b)Sketch on Fig. 2.3 how D changes with x.2 marks
- 2(c)(i)Calculate y in cm.2 marks
- 2(c)(ii)Show your working.2 marks
- 2(d)(i)State why the arrangement in Fig. 2.1 cannot determine f accurately.1 mark
- 2(d)(ii)Suggest how to change the arrangement to determine the focal length accurately.1 mark
- 19Where must an object be placed to produce a real image in the position shown?1 mark
- 20D slowed down more and refracted more.1 mark
- 23Where must an object be placed to produce a real image in the position shown?1 mark
- 24D slowed down more and refracted more.1 mark
- 25‘The incident angle is greater than 42° which is the critical angle for glass in air.’ What is the student reading about?1 mark
- 22At which position is the image formed?1 mark
- 23D When total internal reflection occurs, the angle of incidence is less than the critical angle.1 mark
- 24How does the image compare with the object?1 mark
- 27At which position is the image formed?1 mark
- 28D Blue light is refracted more by a glass prism than red light.1 mark
- 2929 Which device uses total internal reflection?1 mark
- 27Which arrow shows the direction of the light after it is incident on the boundary?1 mark
- 28What is the angle of refraction r?1 mark
- 28Which ray diagram is correct?1 mark
- 21Which diagram correctly shows i and r?1 mark
- 2222 Which length is the focal length of the lens shown in the diagram?1 mark
- 23glass block NOT TO SCALE 57° normal What is the angle of refraction in the glass and what is the critical angle?1 mark
- 18P ray of light 40° mirror Q Which row gives the angle of reflection and the name of line PQ?1 mark
- 1919 Which length is the focal length of the lens shown in the diagram?1 mark
- 20ray-box position 1 position 2 position 3 What type of lens is used at each position?1 mark
- 21w x z y glass Which expression is equal to the refractive index of glass?1 mark
- 6(a)Explain what is meant by critical angle.2 marks
- 6(b)(i)Calculate the refractive index of diamond.2 marks
- 6(b)(ii)In Fig. 6.1, continue each ray through its differently shaped diamond until the ray emerges into air.3 marks
- 5(a)(i)State the name of the eye defect shown in Fig. 5.1.1 mark
- 5(a)(ii)Explain what causes the image of the near object to appear blurred.2 marks
- 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.2, draw the correcting lens in front of the eye and continue all three rays to the back of the eye.2 marks
- 5(b)(ii)State what type of lens is used.1 mark
- 2(a)(i)On Fig. 2.1 mark and label P at the midpoint of side AB of the triangular prism.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)On Fig. 2.1 draw the normal to side AB at P.1 mark
- 2(a)(iii)On Fig. 2.1 draw an incident ray directed towards P at an angle of incidence of 40°.1 mark
- 2(b)Describe how to find and draw the complete path of that ray through the prism in Fig. 2.1.4 marks
3.3Electromagnetic spectrum
- 20Which list shows these colours in order of increasing frequency?1 mark
- 24D The speed of red light in a vacuum is less than the speed of violet light in a vacuum.1 mark
- 2323 Which two waves are components of the electromagnetic spectrum?1 mark
- 2727 Which components of the electromagnetic spectrum are used to communicate from a remote controller to a television set and from the Earth to a satellite?1 mark
- 4(b)(i)Name one other electromagnetic radiation that can carry information through them.1 mark
- 4(b)(ii)State two advantages of glass fibres over copper wires for transmitting internet information.2 marks
- 30Which application uses ultraviolet radiation?1 mark
- 5(a)(i)State the Sun’s three major electromagnetic regions, including ultraviolet, in order of increasing frequency.2 marks
- 5(a)(ii)Give one damaging effect of ultraviolet radiation on the human body and the property causing it.2 marks
- 2323 Which row names a region of the electromagnetic spectrum with a wavelength longer than that of visible light and a region with a frequency that is greater than that of visible light?1 mark
- 3939 In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum does the Sun radiate the most energy?1 mark
- 7(a)(i)Name two electromagnetic-spectrum components with shorter wavelength than ultraviolet radiation.1 mark
- 7(a)(ii)State one useful application of ultraviolet radiation.1 mark
- 7(a)(iii)State one kind of eye damage caused by ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.1 mark
- 5(a)Select all the words which describe light waves: electromagnetic, longitudinal, radioactive, transverse.1 mark
- 2121 What is the approximate value for speed of light in air ?1 mark
- 26D Radio waves have frequencies higher than those of visible light.1 mark
- 1D The electromagnetic waves with the smallest wavelength are in the X-ray region.1 mark
- 26What is the frequency of the microwaves?1 mark
- 30D It travels at the speed of light.1 mark
- 29Which piece is missing?1 mark
- 3030 Which type of wave is used to send television signals to a satellite?1 mark
- 2929 Which type of wave is used to send television signals to a satellite?1 mark
- 24D They warm the satellite and stop it freezing.1 mark
- 6(a)(i)Using the visible colours in Fig. 6.1, state which colour has the largest wavelength.1 mark
- 6(a)(ii)State which colour in Fig. 6.1 has the highest frequency.1 mark
- 6(b)Give a different use for each named component.4 marks
3.4Sound
- 18Which words complete gaps 1, 2 and 3?1 mark
- 24What is the speed of sound that the student’s value suggests?1 mark
- 25What is heard?1 mark
- 5What is the depth of the sea?1 mark
- 26speed of sound wavelength wave m / s / m 1 340 0.19 2 1500 0.050 3 4000 0.23 4 6700 0.31 Which waves are ultrasound waves?1 mark
- 18X pressure P Y atmospheric pressure distance Q Which point on the diagram represents a rarefaction and what is the wavelength of the sound wave?1 mark
- 25What is another use of ultrasound?1 mark
- 26What is the distance of the whale above the sea bed?1 mark
- 2727 Which row describes ultrasound waves?1 mark
- 4(a)Describe the motion of the air particles as the sound wave passes from the tuning fork to the microphone.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)State what is meant by ‘frequency’.1 mark
- 4(b)(ii)Calculate the frequency of the sound wave.2 marks
- 4(b)(iii)State how the sound heard by the student changes.1 mark
- 4(b)(iv)The trace obtained with the original tuning fork is shown.1 mark
- 1919 Which row gives the velocity and wavelength of a wave that is an ultrasound wave?1 mark
- 28NOT TO SCALE student wall x What is the distance x between the student and the wall?1 mark
- 23Which sound is classed as ultrasound?1 mark
- 2727 Which application is not a use for ultrasound?1 mark
- 4(a)(iii)State one use of ultrasound.1 mark
- 2222 Which range of sound frequencies includes only frequencies of sound that can be heard by a healthy human ear?1 mark
- 25What causes the sound reaching the student to be louder?1 mark
- 6(a)Using the loudspeaker context in Fig. 6.1, state what frequency means.2 marks
- 6(b)Explain whether the 800 Hz sound from the loudspeaker in Fig. 6.1 is audible to a human with healthy hearing.1 mark
- 6(c)Describe the motion of the cone in Fig. 6.1 and explain how it produces sound.3 marks
- 6(d)Explain why sound from those explosions does not reach Earth.2 marks
- 24Which list gives the three states of matter arranged in order of the speed of sound from slowest to fastest?1 mark
- 23Which range of frequencies contains only ultrasound?1 mark
- 17What is the wavelength of this sound in the sea?1 mark
- 20Which distance is the wavelength of the wave?1 mark
- 2(a)Calculate the travel time from A to B, in ms.1 mark
- 2(c)Using speed = distance travelled / time taken, calculate the speed of sound in m/s.1 mark
- 2(d)Suggest one way to obtain a more accurate speed using the same apparatus.1 mark
- 2121 What is the approximate value for speed of light in air ?1 mark
- 2222 What are the lowest frequency and the highest frequency of the sound that a human being with normal hearing can hear?1 mark
- 23What is ultrasound not used for?1 mark
- 36How long does it take for the sound to travel to the wall?1 mark
- 27What is the speed of the ultrasound in water?1 mark
- 25What is the approximate range of frequencies?1 mark
- 26loudspeaker P Which diagram best shows how the sound wave causes a molecule at P to move during 1 s?1 mark
- 34What is the distance between the loudspeaker and the wall?1 mark
- 31loudspeaker P Which diagram best shows how the sound wave causes a molecule at P to move during 1 s?1 mark
- 3232 Which frequency is in the range heard by a healthy human ear?1 mark
- 3333 What is one of the uses of ultrasound?1 mark
- 2626 Which waves are longitudinal?1 mark
- 31What is the distance of the whale above the sea bed?1 mark
- 26How are the amplitude and the frequency of the sound affected?1 mark
- 22Which distance shows the wavelength of the wave?1 mark
- 4 Electricity and magnetism
4.1Simple magnetism and magnetic fields
- 26What are the magnetic poles at the ends of the soft-iron bar?1 mark
- 32W X S N S S Which diagram shows the poles induced in ball Y?1 mark
- 331 the core of a transformer 2 the needle of a compass 3 iron filings used to show a magnetic field pattern Which pieces of equipment act as temporary magnets when in use?1 mark
- 24In which diagram is the nail an induced magnet?1 mark
- 2525 Which row correctly shows a magnetic metal and a non-magnetic metal?1 mark
- 26D It turns through 90° anticlockwise and moves towards V.1 mark
- 29D The needle is a permanent magnet and X is a south magnetic pole.1 mark
- 7(a)(i)Using the compass polarity shown in Fig. 7.1, mark N and S on the bar magnet.1 mark
- 7(a)(ii)Describe how to use the Fig. 7.1 plotting compass on paper to trace the field line passing through P between the magnet’s poles.3 marks
- 7(a)(iii)Using the Fig. 7.1 compass, explain how to find the field direction at P.1 mark
- 321 2 N S N S N S S N 3 4 S N N S S N S N In which arrangements do the magnets repel each other?1 mark
- 8(a)State a substance from which permanent magnets like the one in Fig. 8.1 are made.1 mark
- 25In which arrangement do the bars repel?1 mark
- 26experiment 1 experiment 2 experiment 3 bar magnet iron bar steel bar N S N S N S N S In which experiments does the suspended magnet move?1 mark
- 24D It repels one end of another magnet.1 mark
- 25Which arrow shows the direction of the magnetic field at the point where the arrow is shown?1 mark
- 2222 What material can a temporary magnet be made from?1 mark
- 2828 Which diagram shows the magnetic field pattern in the region between the N-poles of the two bar magnets?1 mark
- 33D It repels one end of another magnet.1 mark
- 34What is the box made from?1 mark
- 30D It repels one end of another magnet.1 mark
- 31supply D withdrawing the magnet from inside a coil connected to an a.c.1 mark
- 32What is the box made from?1 mark
- 27What is a possible position for this compass?1 mark
- 23What is a possible position for this compass?1 mark
4.2Electrical quantities
- 2727 Which material is an electrical conductor at room temperature?1 mark
- 28Which row correctly describes the magnitude and sign of the charge on the cloth and the type of force between the balloon and the cloth?1 mark
- 30How much charge flows during the lightning strike?1 mark
- 33P Q Which combination of resistors is inside the tube?1 mark
- 28What is the quantity and what is its unit?1 mark
- 311.5 A 4.0 (cid:1) How much energy is transferred electrically to thermal energy in 1.0 minute?1 mark
- 5(b)(i)Calculate the resistance of the 9.0 cm length of wire.2 marks
- 5(b)(ii)Explain whether line Q is obtained with a length of wire that is longer or shorter than 9.0 cm.1 mark
- 5(b)(iii)Calculate the length of the wire used to obtain line Q.1 mark
- 27D The plastic rod loses electrons and becomes positively charged.1 mark
- 2929 How can one volt also be expressed?1 mark
- 30Which row shows the direction of electron transfer and the final charge on both materials?1 mark
- 28= charge current D p.d.1 mark
- 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.2 sketch a current−voltage graph for a filament lamp.1 mark
- 5(b)(ii)Explain the shape of the current−voltage graph drawn in (i).2 marks
- 3(c)Calculate the charge entering the battery, including its unit.3 marks
- 5(a)(i)Complete the diagram labels for what the balloon gains and what the wool loses/becomes.2 marks
- 5(a)(ii)Explain why the rubbed Fig. 5.1 balloon remains negatively charged for a long time.2 marks
- 6(a)State Ohm’s law.2 marks
- 6(b)Explain how Fig. 6.2 shows that Ohm’s law applies to this LDR.1 mark
- 6(c)Use numerical values from Fig. 6.2 to explain how light affects LDR resistance.2 marks
- 4Draw a circuit diagram; explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to keep constant; draw a results table with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
- 4Draw a circuit diagram; explain briefly how to carry out the investigation; state the key variables to keep constant; draw a results table with column headings and units (no readings required); explain how to use the readings to reach a conclusion.6 marks
- 23What causes this to happen?1 mark
- 24D The spheres have the same number of protons.1 mark
- 31Which rod gains a large electrostatic charge?1 mark
- 7(b)(i)Using Fig. 7.1, calculate the current in R when its resistance is 2.5 Ω and the voltmeter reads 0.40 V.2 marks
- 7(b)(ii)Using Fig. 7.1, calculate the power transferred in R when its resistance is 2.5 Ω and the voltmeter reads 0.40 V.2 marks
- 2(a)(i)Read the voltage and enter it in the first row of Table 2.1.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)Use I=V/10 Ω, calculate 1/I for each row, and add units to the column headings.3 marks
- 2(b)(i)Start both axes at (0,0).2 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Draw a thin straight line of best fit through the points on the supplied graph grid; extend it to the y-axis.1 mark
- 2(b)(iii)Show your chosen points and working on the graph.2 marks
- 2(c)Use your gradient and intercept from (b)(iii) to calculate Rw in Ω; show working.1 mark
- 3(a)Record the initial terminal potential difference V₀ in V.1 mark
- 3(b)Record current I in A.1 mark
- 3(c)Complete Table 3.1 with units in all three headings and your current from (b) in the first row.1 mark
- 3(d)Draw a thin straight line of best fit.3 marks
- 3(e)(i)Use a large triangle on your Fig. 3.4 line to calculate its gradient m, showing your chosen values and working on the graph.2 marks
- 3(e)(ii)Extend your Fig. 3.4 best-fit line to the y-axis and record its intercept, the emf V₀ in V.1 mark
- 3(f)Calculate their percentage difference and state whether they agree within 10%.2 marks
- 3(g)Suggest a practical reason not to connect the flying lead less than 20.0 cm from end X of the wire in Fig. 3.1.1 mark
- 27Which diagram shows the charge on the rod and describes the movement of charge?1 mark
- 28D It is towards the left because it is in a magnetic field.1 mark
- 26D Positive electrons are transferred to the shoe.1 mark
- 27Which row gives the direction of movement of the particles that flow in the conductor and their name?1 mark
- 23insulating thread + ball covered + with metallic + paint + positively + charged rod + Which diagram shows the charge distribution on the ball?1 mark
- 24What is the average current in the appliance?1 mark
- 25What is the resistance of the longer wire?1 mark
- 28How much energy is transferred from the battery in 30 minutes?1 mark
- 6(a)(ii)Calculate the reading on the ammeter.2 marks
- 1(a)Measure the voltmeter reading in V.1 mark
- 1(e)Describe one precaution to ensure that the reading from your voltmeter is accurate.1 mark
- 1(a)(i)Record the reading in V and in the first row of Table 1.1.1 mark
- 1(d)Describe one precaution to ensure a voltmeter reading is accurate.1 mark
- 2424 Which diagram shows the electric field around an isolated point positive charge?1 mark
- 25D It is weaker at X than at Y and is in the same direction.1 mark
- 26Which diagram shows the charges on the sphere after the rod is removed?1 mark
- 28What is the resistance of the longer wire?1 mark
- 29How much work is done as the charge passes through the resistor?1 mark
- 29V V D Connect a voltmeter in parallel and an ammeter in series with the conductor then use R = .1 mark
- 31What is the resistance of the longer wire?1 mark
- 32What is the average current it supplies?1 mark
- 29l wire X A 2l wire Y A 2 What is the resistance of Y?1 mark
- 35Which expression has units of energy?1 mark
- 32Which fields are found in the region surrounding the ball?1 mark
- 35D Positive electrons are transferred to the shoe.1 mark
- 36What is the average current between the cloud and the Earth during the thunderstorm?1 mark
- 38What is the resistance of the second cylinder?1 mark
- 336.0 V + – 3.0 Ω How much charge passes through the 3.0Ω resistor?1 mark
- 28insulating thread + ball covered + with metallic + paint + positively + charged rod + Which diagram shows the charge distribution on the ball?1 mark
- 29How much charge passes through the headlamp?1 mark
- 3030 How can one volt also be expressed?1 mark
- 24D Positive charges are transferred from the polythene to the cloth.1 mark
- 25What is the average current in the appliance?1 mark
- 2626 How can one volt also be expressed?1 mark
- 7(a)State a material that is an electrical insulator.1 mark
- 7(b)On Fig. 7.1, draw the distribution of charges on P.2 marks
- 7(c)(i)On Fig. 7.2, show the distribution of charges on P with the earth wire connected.1 mark
- 7(c)(ii)1State what happens to the charges on P.1 mark
- 7(c)(ii)2State what happens to the charges on P.1 mark
- 9(a)Explain what is meant by electromotive force.2 marks
- 9(c)State Ohm’s law and describe one limitation on this law.2 marks
- 9(d)(i)For the wire material in Fig. 9.1, state how resistance R depends on wire length l when cross-sectional area stays constant.1 mark
- 9(d)(ii)State the relationship between the resistance R and the cross-sectional area A of a wire of constant length.1 mark
- 9(e)State the colour of the bands on the 30 Ω resistor.2 marks
4.3Electric circuits
- 29In which circuit does the coil of the motor rotate the fastest?1 mark
- 3333 Which component is used in an electric circuit to detect changes in temperature?1 mark
- 33P Q Which combination of resistors is inside the tube?1 mark
- 343 D It increases from 0 to E.1 mark
- 29What is the reading on the voltmeter?1 mark
- 30V Which expression is equal to 1?1 mark
- 5(a)Describe all the changes to the circuit in Fig. 5.1 that are needed so that the meters produce readings that can be used to calculate the resistance of the length of wire.2 marks
- 5(b)(i)Calculate the resistance of the 9.0 cm length of wire.2 marks
- 6(c)(i)Calculate the current in the lighting circuit fuse when all three lamps are switched on.1 mark
- 6(c)(ii)Calculate the maximum number of additional lamps of type P that can now be connected in parallel to the lighting circuit.1 mark
- 28R R R R E From left to right, what is the current in each of the resistors?1 mark
- 302 What are the dimensions of Y and how is it connected to X?1 mark
- 3131 Which circuit contains a fuse and a diode?1 mark
- 3131 Which circuit contains a heater and a fuse?1 mark
- 32Which diagram shows the circuit?1 mark
- 291 2 3 4 5 Which circuits have equal resistance?1 mark
- 5(a)Complete Fig. 5.1 by drawing the symbol for a fuse in the gap in the circuit.1 mark
- 5(c)Calculate the current at point P in the circuit shown in Fig. 5.1.3 marks
- 6(d)(i)Determine current in the fixed resistor.1 mark
- 6(d)(ii)Use Fig. 6.2 to calculate the cell e.m.f., in V.3 marks
- 256.0 V 6.0 V, 12 W What makes the lamp light?1 mark
- 26circuit P circuit Q R R R R What is the resistance of circuit P and what is the resistance of circuit Q?1 mark
- 3333 Which graph shows how the current changes when the voltage across a resistor of constant resistance is varied?1 mark
- 34What is the ratio Iₛ / Iₚ?1 mark
- 6(a)Explain why ammeter 2 also reads 0.20 A.1 mark
- 6(b)(i)Calculate the resistance of T.3 marks
- 6(b)(ii)Explain why the potential difference across T decreases.3 marks
- 7(a)Complete Fig. 7.1 by drawing a thermistor symbol between terminals T₁ and T₂.1 mark
- 7(c)Explain what happens to the voltmeter reading in Fig. 7.1.2 marks
- 3(h)Show the variable-resistor symbol and correct connections, retaining the ammeter and supply voltmeter.2 marks
- 29of the battery is 4.5V.1 mark
- 30What is the resistance of the LDR?1 mark
- 31Which students are correct?1 mark
- 28is greater than that of a single cell.1 mark
- 29What is the minimum resistance and what is the maximum resistance of the arrangements that the student can produce?1 mark
- 30What happens to the two voltmeter readings V and V ?1 mark
- 3(a)Give your answer in A.2 marks
- 3(c)Label each resistor with the value of its resistance.2 marks
- 6(a)(i)Determine readings on A₂, A₃ and V₂.2 marks
- 6(a)(ii)Using Fig. 6.1 and those meter readings, calculate resistance R.2 marks
- 6(a)(iii)State Ohm’s law.2 marks
- 6(b)Use the graph and R to determine the new battery e.m.f.; show working.3 marks
- 2(a)Draw a circuit diagram corresponding to the physical circuit in Fig. 2.1: battery, switch, fixed resistor, thermistor and voltmeter.3 marks
- 2(b)Read the voltmeter in Fig. 2.3 and record V_W in V.1 mark
- 2(c)Read the thermistor voltmeter in Fig. 2.5 and record V_C in V.1 mark
- 2(d)(i)State the unit.2 marks
- 2(d)(ii)Use ΔV_AV from (d)(i) to predict thermistor voltage V_PB at body temperature 37 °C.1 mark
- 2(d)(iii)State a conclusion supported by a calculation.2 marks
- 2(a)(i)Record both with units.2 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Using the readings from Fig. 2.2 and Fig. 2.3, calculate the effective resistance R₁ = V₁/I₁ in Ω.1 mark
- 2(a)(iii)Suggest one reason why.1 mark
- 2(b)With V₂ = 2.8 V and I₂ = 0.88 A, calculate R₂ = V₂/I₂ and then write down 2R₂, both in Ω.1 mark
- 2(c)Using your values for the circuits in Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.4, decide if they agree within 10%.2 marks
- 2(d)Suggest one observation showing that lamp heating changes the filament resistance.1 mark
- 2(e)Complete the circuit in Fig. 2.5 by drawing a third, different connection of three lamp symbols between X and Y.2 marks
- 2626 Which electrical symbol represents a fuse?1 mark
- 27reading on P / V e.m.f.1 mark
- 6(a)(i)Calculate the combined resistance of the LDR and the 1800 Ω resistor.2 marks
- 6(a)(ii)Calculate the reading on the ammeter.2 marks
- 6(b)(i)State and explain the effect on the current in the LDR.1 mark
- 6(b)(ii)State and explain the effect on the current in the 1800 Ω resistor.1 mark
- 1(a)Measure the voltmeter reading in V.1 mark
- 1(b)Use the syringe to add 2 cm³ of cloudy liquid to the water and stir.1 mark
- 1(c)Use your own laboratory measurements.2 marks
- 1(d)(i)Draw a tangent to your curve in Fig. 1.2 at 5 cm³.1 mark
- 1(d)(ii)Show your working and indicate on your graph in Fig. 1.2 the values you use.2 marks
- 1(f)Suggest two variables which are difficult to control that may cause this difference.2 marks
- 1(a)(i)Record the reading in V and in the first row of Table 1.1.1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)Explain why the two liquids must be stirred together.1 mark
- 1(b)Plot the voltmeter reading against the volume on Fig. 1.3 and draw the best-fit curve.2 marks
- 1(c)(i)Draw a tangent to your curve on Fig. 1.3 at 5 cm³.1 mark
- 1(c)(ii)Show working and indicate on Fig. 1.3 the values you use.2 marks
- 1(e)Suggest two variables which are difficult to control that may cause this difference.2 marks
- 27Which graph shows how the current in the resistor changes with the voltage?1 mark
- 30reading on P/V e.m.f.1 mark
- 30What is the difference between the smallest total resistance and the largest total resistance?1 mark
- 35Which conditions give the least resistance?1 mark
- 30thermistor LDR Under which conditions is the current in the circuit the largest?1 mark
- 35What happens to the two voltmeter readings?1 mark
- 3737 Which symbol is used for a light-dependent resistor?1 mark
- 38What happens to the two voltmeter readings?1 mark
- 37D The battery supplies a smaller current than a single cell on its own.1 mark
- 34Which circuit shows the ammeter and voltmeter in the correct positions?1 mark
- 35across the LDR equal to 2.0V?1 mark
- 31In which circuit is the lamp the brightest?1 mark
- 32Which wire has the greater resistance and which wire has the larger cross-sectional area?1 mark
- 3636 Which component, when used in a circuit, allows current to pass in only one direction?1 mark
- 376.0 V V 0 V Which conditions give the smallest voltage V across the LDR?1 mark
- 27of the battery is 4.5V.1 mark
- 29At which point should lead L be connected so that the voltmeter reads 3.0V?1 mark
- 361 2 What happens to the readings when the resistance of R is then increased?1 mark
- 8(a)(i)In the series circuit of Fig. 8.1, state the relationship among the battery current IB, fixed-resistor current I1 and variable-resistor current I2.1 mark
- 8(a)(ii)VB to p.d.s V1 and V2 across the two resistors.1 mark
- 8(b)Calculate the current through R.2 marks
- 9 OR (a)State the name of component A.1 mark
- 9 OR (b)Explain why the lamp turns on when it gets dark.3 marks
- 9(b)(i)1In the 12 V series circuit of Fig. 9.1, state the relationship between battery current IB and currents I1 and I2 in the 18 Ω and 30 Ω resistors.1 mark
- 9(b)(i)2E to potential differences V1 and V2 across the two resistors.1 mark
- 9(b)(ii)Calculate the current in the battery.2 marks
- 9(b)(iii)Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across the 18 Ω resistor.1 mark
- 9(b)(iv)Calculate the power produced in the 18 Ω resistor.2 marks
4.4Practical electricity
- 34What is the appropriate rating for the fuse in the circuit?1 mark
- 5(a)Describe all the changes to the circuit in Fig. 5.1 that are needed so that the meters produce readings that can be used to calculate the resistance of the length of wire.2 marks
- 6(a)Underline the most suitable fuse value for the heating circuit fuse, and explain your choice.3 marks
- 6(b)Describe what happens to a fuse when the current is too large.1 mark
- 6(c)(i)Calculate the current in the lighting circuit fuse when all three lamps are switched on.1 mark
- 6(c)(ii)Calculate the maximum number of additional lamps of type P that can now be connected in parallel to the lighting circuit.1 mark
- 6(d)State two advantages of using a trip switch rather than a fuse.2 marks
- 3131 Which circuit contains a fuse and a diode?1 mark
- 3232 How is energy transferred within a kettle that is powered by the mains supply?1 mark
- 33How much energy is transferred to thermal energy during 10s?1 mark
- 3030 Which electrical appliance uses the heating effect of electricity?1 mark
- 3131 How many kilowatt-hours of energy are used by a 1000W heater connected to a 230V supply for 30 minutes?1 mark
- 32D It needs a fuse in the neutral wire but does not need to be earthed.1 mark
- 3333 What is the purpose of the earth wire in a plug connected to an appliance?1 mark
- 5(d)(i)Suggest a suitable fuse rating for the fuse.1 mark
- 5(d)(ii)Explain why a fuse rating much larger than the value suggested in (i) is not suitable.2 marks
- 5(d)(iii)Explain why it is necessary to connect a fuse in the live wire rather than the neutral wire or earth wire.1 mark
- 1(a)Draw on Fig. 1.1 the symbol for a voltmeter connected to measure the potential difference across the diode.1 mark
- 1(b)The first row has X–Y resistance 0 Ω; its other entries are blank.2 marks
- 1(c)Using the V and I readings in the top row of Table 1.1, calculate the resistance R of the diode with R = V / I.2 marks
- 1(d)Complete the two missing values in Table 1.1.2 marks
- 1(e)(i)Describe how the change in current affects voltage across the diode.1 mark
- 1(e)(ii)Describe how the change in current affects resistance of the diode.1 mark
- 1(f)Suggest an assembly error.1 mark
- 27What is the potential difference (p.d.) across the motor?1 mark
- 28Which students are correct?1 mark
- 31What is the cost of using the microwave oven for 10 minutes?1 mark
- 3(b)Give your answer in W.2 marks
- 8(c)(i)Describe what then happens.2 marks
- 8(c)(ii)Explain why a person is not protected when the live wire touches the shiny metal surface.2 marks
- 28How much energy is transferred from the battery in 30 minutes?1 mark
- 2929 What is the unit for the energy used by an electrical appliance?1 mark
- 8(a)(i)Give your answer in kW h.1 mark
- 8(a)(ii)Calculate the current in each lamp.2 marks
- 8(b)Explain why the switches are connected in the live wire.2 marks
- 8(c)State one advantage of connecting the lamps in parallel.1 mark
- 31What is the cost of 1.0kWh of electrical energy?1 mark
- 32D Too much current flows in the earth wire.1 mark
- 33D Too much current flows in the earth wire.1 mark
- 31What is the main purpose of the fuse?1 mark
- 33Which circuit shows these components wired correctly?1 mark
- 34What are the most suitable ranges for the voltmeter and for the ammeter?1 mark
- 2828 Which diagram shows the arrangement of the ammeter and voltmeter to obtain readings to find the power of a lamp?1 mark
- 30D The live wire L is connected to the wrong end of the fuse F.1 mark
- 31How much does it cost to run the lamp for this time?1 mark
4.5Electromagnetic effects
- 29In which circuit does the coil of the motor rotate the fastest?1 mark
- 31D The forces are in opposite directions, and the conductors are forced towards each other.1 mark
- 32motor work?1 mark
- 35What is the output voltage?1 mark
- 3535 Which device works due to electromagnetic induction?1 mark
- 32e.m.f.1 mark
- 341 the strength of the magnetic field 2 the current 3 the number of turns on the coil Which suggestions are correct?1 mark
- 35D In the iron core there is an alternating current from the primary coil to the secondary coil.1 mark
- 7(a)State the purpose of the split-ring commutator and the brushes.3 marks
- 7(b)Explain how you determined this direction.3 marks
- 7(c)State what happens to the rotation of the coil if the magnetic field and the current in the coil are both reversed at the same time.1 mark
- 7(d)(i)Give the unit of your answer.3 marks
- 7(d)(ii)Explain why the turning effect becomes smaller as the coil becomes more vertical.1 mark
- 33Which pole is induced at P when the magnet enters the coil and which pole is induced at Q when the magnet leaves the coil?1 mark
- 34observer vertical wire What is the pattern of the magnetic field around the wire seen by an observer viewing the wire from the position shown?1 mark
- 35motor reverses the direction of current in the coil once every half rotation of the coil?1 mark
- 34rotation of coil coil N X Y What are X and Y?1 mark
- 35Which sentences are correct?1 mark
- 36How many turns are on the secondary coil?1 mark
- 34current magnetic field What is the direction of the force on the wire?1 mark
- 35Q What is the part labelled Q?1 mark
- 36Which statements explain how the transformer works?1 mark
- 6(a)(i)State what happens to the motor if a stronger magnet is used.1 mark
- 6(a)(ii)On Fig. 6.1 mark and label: • the direction of the current in the coil • the direction of the magnetic field.1 mark
- 6(a)(iii)Explain why the coil turns.2 marks
- 6(b)(i)Indicate the direction of the magnetic field on the pattern that you draw.3 marks
- 6(b)(ii)Explain how the current in one wire causes a force on the other wire.2 marks
- 7(b)(i)Explain why moving the magnet produces a current.2 marks
- 7(b)(ii)Describe the Fig. 7.2 magnet motion that produces alternating current of frequency 0.50 Hz.1 mark
- 7(b)(iii)How does the Fig. 7.2 centre-zero ammeter show the current is alternating rather than direct?1 mark
- 7(b)(iv)Why does increasing the frequency of the Fig. 7.2 alternating current also increase its magnitude?1 mark
- 29D The coil is shorter and the same pole of the magnet enters the coil first.1 mark
- 30Which row describes the polarity of end Y of the solenoid and the force between the solenoid and the bar magnet when the bar magnet leaves the solenoid?1 mark
- 31generator?1 mark
- 32How many turns are on the secondary coil?1 mark
- 33coil magnet coil magnet N S N S commutator commutator brush brush insulator insulator coil perpendicular to magnetic field coil parallel to magnetic field What is the name of the commutator and what is the orientation of the plane of the coil as the current reverses?1 mark
- 34supply D iron a.c.1 mark
- 35What happens to the maximum brightness of the lamp and how many times does the lamp flash every second?1 mark
- 3636 Which device uses the magnetic effect of an electric current?1 mark
- 37Which beams experience a force that is initially in the same direction as the force experienced by the current-carrying wire?1 mark
- 7(a)(i)Identify components P and Q.1 mark
- 7(a)(ii)Explain their purpose in producing an electrical output.2 marks
- 8(b)(i)Explain why.3 marks
- 8(b)(ii)Explain why.2 marks
- 8(c)Describe what happens to the solenoid current.2 marks
- 32D The wire is moved upwards and the magnet is kept stationary.1 mark
- 32induced across the coil?1 mark
- 9(a)Explain why there is a voltage induced in the coil when the coil is turned.2 marks
- 9(b)One line has been drawn for you.2 marks
- 9(c)(i)Draw a diagram to show how the brushes are connected to the coil in a d.c.2 marks
- 9(c)(ii)State why there are forces on the sides of the coil in a d.c.1 mark
- 8(a)State the material used for the transformer core.1 mark
- 8(b)Explain how an alternating voltage arises in the secondary coil.3 marks
- 8(c)Calculate the number of turns required on the secondary.2 marks
- 8(d)State one change that would make the Fig. 8.1 transformer a step-up transformer.1 mark
- 4Explain the procedure and controlled variables; draw an empty results table with headed units; explain how readings lead to a conclusion.6 marks
- 21supply and decrease the current in the circuit D Reverse the d.c.1 mark
- 30is 0 V, where could the lower end of the magnet be?1 mark
- 31a.c.1 mark
- 3232 Why is a relay used in a switching circuit?1 mark
- 33N beam of electrons S In which direction is the beam deflected?1 mark
- 7(a)(i)State the effect of the magnetic field on wire PQ.2 marks
- 7(a)(ii)State the effect of using a stronger magnet.1 mark
- 7(b)(i)Explain why an e.m.f.2 marks
- 7(b)(ii)State one way of increasing the induced e.m.f.1 mark
- 7(b)(iii)Explain how the induced current opposes the motion of the magnet as it moves into the coil.2 marks
- 33Which change increases the size of this force?1 mark
- 34How many turns are there on the secondary coil?1 mark
- 3535 Which row shows how the electrical energy produced by a power station is transmitted to distant towns?1 mark
- 3434 Which cable transmits electrical energy at the highest voltage?1 mark
- 27battery P iron core iron armature pivot bell What happens when battery P is disconnected?1 mark
- 28Which diagram shows the shape and direction of the magnetic field around the wire?1 mark
- 32N beam of electrons S In which direction is the beam deflected?1 mark
- 33generator?1 mark
- 34battery P iron core iron armature pivot bell What happens when battery P is disconnected?1 mark
- 36D There is no output voltage.1 mark
- 39D The lamp lights up brightly and then goes out.1 mark
- 3636 What is the effect of using a split-ring commutator?1 mark
- 37solenoid N S V What causes an increase in the induced e.m.f.?1 mark
- 3838 Which material is used for the core of a transformer?1 mark
- 35How often does it reverse the current?1 mark
- 32Which change makes the coil rotate in the opposite direction and at a faster rate?1 mark
- 33N P Q S What is the direction of the force on the wire PQ?1 mark
- 34What are the effects of using a high voltage transmission system?1 mark
- 7(a)Explain why a current in the coil causes the paper cone to move.2 marks
- 7(b)Describe and explain the movement of the cone when there is an alternating current in the coil.2 marks
- 7(c)Calculate the wavelength of the sound produced.2 marks
- 11(a)(i)Sketch and label a diagram of the arrangement of the apparatus.3 marks
- 11(a)(ii)State two changes to the apparatus that increase the induced current.2 marks
- 11(a)(iii)1State Lenz’s Law.2 marks
- 11(a)(iii)2Describe how Lenz’s Law applies in the experiment you described in (a)(i).2 marks
- 8(a)Explain why an electromotive force (e.m.f.) is induced in the secondary coil.2 marks
- 8(b)Suggest why.1 mark
- 8(c)Suggest why steel is not used as the core of a transformer.1 mark
- 8(d)Describe the action of the diode.1 mark
- 1(a)Suggest two apparatus changes that increase the current.2 marks
- 1(b)Draw a table showing these results, with headings and the current unit.3 marks
4.6Uses of an oscilloscope
- 4(b)(i)State what is meant by ‘frequency’.1 mark
- 4(b)(ii)Calculate the frequency of the sound wave.2 marks
- 4(b)(iii)State how the sound heard by the student changes.1 mark
- 4(b)(iv)The trace obtained with the original tuning fork is shown.1 mark
- 29D The coil is shorter and the same pole of the magnet enters the coil first.1 mark
- 38What does the trace look like when the time base is set to 2ms/cm?1 mark
- 7(b)(i)Put X on the trace at one position where the coil is vertical.1 mark
- 7(b)(ii)Using Fig. 7.2 and Y-gain 5.0 V/cm, determine the generator’s maximum e.m.f.2 marks
- 7(b)(iii)Using Fig. 7.2 and timebase 2.0 ms/cm, find the time for one coil revolution in milliseconds.1 mark
- 7(b)(iv)Using the oscilloscope trace in Fig. 7.2 and the 2.0 ms/cm timebase, determine the frequency of the generator output in hertz.2 marks
- 331.0 cm 1.0 cm What is the maximum value of the voltage?1 mark
- 2(a)Calculate the travel time from A to B, in ms.1 mark
- 2(c)Using speed = distance travelled / time taken, calculate the speed of sound in m/s.1 mark
- 36How long does it take for the sound to travel to the wall?1 mark
- 36What is seen on the screen of the oscilloscope?1 mark
- 34What is the distance between the loudspeaker and the wall?1 mark
- 39Which trace shows a supply of 1.5Vd.c.?1 mark
- 9 EITHER (a)Use Fig. 9.1 to determine the maximum voltage of the supply.2 marks
- 9 EITHER (b)Describe how the trace on the screen and the controls on the c.r.o.2 marks
- 10(b)(i)1Determine the maximum voltage.1 mark
- 10(b)(i)2Determine the time for one oscillation.2 marks
- 10(b)(i)3Determine the sound frequency.2 marks
- 10(b)(ii)Using Fig. 10.2 with the same c.r.o.2 marks
- 5 Nuclear physics
5.1The nuclear model of the atom
- 36Which statements are correct?1 mark
- 3737 Which row gives the sign of the charge on the nucleus of an atom and the sign of the charge of an electron?1 mark
- 36D Z is the proton number which is different for different isotopes of X.1 mark
- 37D They contain protons and neutrons.1 mark
- 3737 Which particle has the smallest mass?1 mark
- 3838 Which two atoms are isotopes of the same element?1 mark
- 7(a)(i)State which two nuclei have the same number of protons.1 mark
- 7(a)(ii)State which two nuclei have the same number of neutrons.1 mark
- 7(a)(iii)State which two nuclei have the same number of nucleons.1 mark
- 9(b)Describe the composition of an alpha particle.2 marks
- 3535 Which particles are in the nucleus of a large atom?1 mark
- 8(a)State how a neutral uranium-235 atom differs from a neutral uranium-238 atom.1 mark
- 9(b)(i)State how nuclei of isotopes of the same element differ.1 mark
- 34What is scattered in this experiment?1 mark
- 35How does the composition of an atom of P compare with the composition of an atom of Q?1 mark
- 3333 The results of the alpha-particle scattering experiment give evidence for which of the following?1 mark
- 34What is the composition of this nucleus?1 mark
- 35How many elecrons are there in a neutral atom of this isotope?1 mark
- 3434 How many neutrons are in one neutral atom of the krypton isotope 84Kr?1 mark
- 35D The nitrogen atom has one proton more than the carbon atom.1 mark
- 37What are the products shown in this reaction?1 mark
- 3838 The results of the alpha-particle scattering experiment gave evidence for which of the following?1 mark
- 40Which is the nucleus of another isotope of uranium?1 mark
- 3939 The results of the alpha-particle scattering experiment gave evidence for which of the following?1 mark
- 40D Both isotopes have the same number of nucleons in a nucleus.1 mark
- 3939 How many nucleons are in one neutral atom of the krypton isotope 84Kr?1 mark
- 4092 Which row represents another isotope of the same element?1 mark
- 4040 How many nucleons are in one neutral atom of the krypton isotope 84Kr?1 mark
- 40D The nucleus contains 7 protons and 15 neutrons.1 mark
- 40key = proton = neutron P Q R Which are isotopes of the same element?1 mark
- 11(a)Explain what is meant by isotopes of hydrogen.2 marks
- 11(b)(i)Using the hydrogen-fusion reaction in Fig. 11.1, state the number of neutrons in a nucleus of hydrogen-3.1 mark
- 11(b)(ii)Using the hydrogen-fusion reaction in Fig. 11.1, name particle A.1 mark
- 11(b)(iii)Using the hydrogen-fusion reaction in Fig. 11.1, state the proton number of particle B.1 mark
- 11(b)(iv)Using the hydrogen-fusion reaction in Fig. 11.1, state the nucleon number of particle B.1 mark
- 11(c)Explain why.2 marks
5.2Radioactivity
- 37What is the useful radioactive radiation emitted by S?1 mark
- 36Which field deflects the particle towards the top of the page?1 mark
- 3737 Which nuclide is produced when thorium-223, 223Th, emits an alpha-particle?1 mark
- 38What is the radiation emitted by the source?1 mark
- 36Which path does an alpha ()-particle travelling at the same speed follow?1 mark
- 38How much time passes before the count rate due to emissions from a sample of the isotope 1 decreases to of the initial value?1 mark
- 8(a)Complete Table 8.1 with the purposes of concrete shielding, control rods and moderator.3 marks
- 8(b)Describe what causes the fission of a single nucleus of uranium-235 in the fuel rods, and describe what happens during the fission.3 marks
- 37reading/counts type of sheet per minute no sheet 750 thin card 750 5mm thick aluminium 478 Which types of radiation are being emitted by the source?1 mark
- 38What are suitable properties for this isotope?1 mark
- 38What must cause the count rate to increase?1 mark
- 39What is nuclear fusion?1 mark
- 39● alpha particles ● beta particles ● X-rays ● gamma rays Which types of radiation can be emitted from the unstable nuclei of a radioactive material?1 mark
- 7(b)(i)State what is meant by 'background radiation'.1 mark
- 7(b)(ii)Calculate the corrected count rate from the source.1 mark
- 7(b)(iii)Determine the reading on the counter 90 minutes later.2 marks
- 7(b)(iv)Suggest why your answer to (iii) is only an estimate.1 mark
- 7(c)Draw a line on Fig. 7.1 from each use of radiation to the type of radiation used.2 marks
- 9(a)Explain what spontaneous emission means.1 mark
- 9(c)(i)Describe the structure of either a cloud chamber or a spark counter used to detect alpha particles, including a labelled drawing.3 marks
- 9(c)(ii)Using the cloud chamber or spark counter you chose in 9(c)(i), describe what shows alpha emission is random.1 mark
- 9(c)(iii)Calculate the isotope half-life.2 marks
- 36Which particle has the weaker ionising effect and which has the weaker penetrating power?1 mark
- 37β-particles + 4 S 5 β-particles N 6 1 – 2 3 into magnetic field into electric field Which numbers show the paths of the beam through the fields?1 mark
- 38D There is no radon-222 left after 7.6 days.1 mark
- 37Which beams experience a force that is initially in the same direction as the force experienced by the current-carrying wire?1 mark
- 39What is the mass of this isotope at t = 0?1 mark
- 8(b)(i)State what happens to a nucleus during fission.1 mark
- 8(b)(ii)Explain how nuclear fission can produce a chain reaction in the reactor.4 marks
- 8(b)(iii)State the purpose of the reactor moderator.1 mark
- 8(b)(iv)Explain what the reactor control rods do.2 marks
- 9(b)(ii)Explain why hydrogen-3 cannot decay by alpha emission.1 mark
- 9(b)(iii)Complete the missing nuclide numbers in the beta-decay equation for hydrogen-3 to helium: ³₁H → ___β + ___He.2 marks
- 10(a)(i)In Fig. 10.1, mark one gamma-radiation path with γ.1 mark
- 10(a)(ii)Explain your reasoning.4 marks
- 10(a)(iii)State what happens to both radiation types.2 marks
- 36How do the proton number and nucleon number change?1 mark
- 37D Gamma radiation is only produced by sources with a short half-life.1 mark
- 38How much of the sample of tritium decays in 36 years?1 mark
- 2222 Which radioactive isotope can be used for measuring cracks or flaws in metal components?1 mark
- 36corrected count rate type of material counts/s no sheet inserted 450 thin aluminium sheet 381 thin lead sheet 285 thin paper sheet 452 Which types of radiation are emitted by the radioactive sample?1 mark
- 3737 In a fission reactor, which particle causes a uranium-235 nucleus to split?1 mark
- 3838 What is the purpose of moderators in nuclear reactors?1 mark
- 10(a)Describe what happens during radioactive decay.2 marks
- 10(b)The initial count rate is already marked with an x.2 marks
- 10(c)Name the apparatus used to measure the radiation from the sample of wood and describe how it is used to measure the count rate.2 marks
- 10(d)Describe how the count rate from a sample of wood is used to find its age.2 marks
- 9(a)(i)Which of α, β and γ produces the strongest ionising effect?1 mark
- 9(a)(ii)Which of α, β and γ is deflected most by a magnetic field?1 mark
- 9(b)(i)Explain how this shows that the source emits β-particles and γ-radiation.3 marks
- 9(b)(ii)Explain why the readings in Fig. 9.1 and Fig. 9.2 cannot show whether the source emits α-particles.1 mark
- 9(c)Describe one way to move a radioactive source safely in a school laboratory.1 mark
- 36Which list gives the types of radiation in order of their ionising effect from greatest to least?1 mark
- 37D Half-life is the time taken for the number of nuclei of the isotope to halve.1 mark
- 39Which energy is being released and what is the name of the reaction that releases this energy inside the Sun?1 mark
- 9(a)Describe the fission of a uranium-235 nucleus.3 marks
- 9(b)Explain what happens when the control rods are withdrawn from the reactor.2 marks
- 9(c)Explain, in terms of neutrons, how a steady rate of fission is maintained.1 mark
- 9(d)Explain the purpose of the moderator.2 marks
- 3939 What does the alpha-radiation given off by radioactive nuclei consist of?1 mark
- 3737 What does the alpha-radiation given off by radioactive nuclei consist of?1 mark
- 38D Carbon dioxide is the major waste product from the reactor.1 mark
- 36radioactive source aluminium foil rollers radiation detector What is the most suitable radioactive source for the system?1 mark
- 3737 Which of alpha, beta and gamma radiations are waves?1 mark
- 38How many atoms of this isotope are left after 24 years?1 mark
- 4040 Which row is correct for nuclear fission and for nuclear fusion?1 mark
- 3939 Which row is correct for nuclear fission and for nuclear fusion?1 mark
- 40D It does not change.1 mark
- 2525 Where are gamma-rays used?1 mark
- 3838 Which type of radiation consists of electrons?1 mark
- 39What was the count rate of the sample two days ago?1 mark
- 3737 Which nucleus is produced when americium-241 (241Am) emits an alpha-particle?1 mark
- 3838 Which states the three types of radiation emitted by radioactive isotopes in order of their ionising effect from highest to lowest?1 mark
- 39D Half-life is the time it takes for the number of nuclei of the isotope to decrease by half.1 mark
- 11(e)(i)State what is meant by half-life.2 marks
- 11(e)(ii)Calculate how many hydrogen-3 atoms remain after 48 years.2 marks
- 6 Space physics
6.1Earth and the Solar System
- 38D There is a force on each planet towards the Sun.1 mark
- 39D It orbits the Moon exactly once a year.1 mark
- 3939 What is the approximate time taken by light from the Sun to travel to the Earth?1 mark
- 4040 Where in the Solar System is the asteroid belt?1 mark
- 9(a)Label each orbit.2 marks
- 9(b)Explain why the comet at position 3 cannot be seen from Earth when Earth is at position 5.1 mark
- 9(c)(i)State the name of the force that acts on the comet.1 mark
- 9(c)(ii)On Fig. 9.1, mark the direction of the force that acts on the comet at each of the four positions shown.1 mark
- 9(c)(iii)Explain your answer.2 marks
- 9(d)Show your working.3 marks
- 39Which statements are correct?1 mark
- 40D Light from the Sun takes 5.0 minutes to reach the Earth.1 mark
- 8(a)Mark and label on Fig. 8.1 the positions of the three planets 110 days after the position shown in Fig. 8.1.3 marks
- 8(b)(i)Suggest why the gravitational field strength at the surface of Mercury is much smaller than at the surface of Venus.1 mark
- 8(c)State what is meant by a 'moon'.1 mark
- 9(a)Calculate Tᵥ, the period of one orbit, in seconds.2 marks
- 9(b)Explain why speed is a scalar.1 mark
- 9(c)(i)Explain how Venus’s velocity changes as it orbits the Sun.2 marks
- 9(c)(ii)State why this force is needed.1 mark
- 9(c)(iii)On Fig. 9.1, draw an arrow on Venus showing the direction of its resultant force.1 mark
- 9(c)(iv)State what causes the force on Venus.2 marks
- 9(d)(i)Name the planet closer to the Sun than Venus.1 mark
- 9(d)(ii)Compare that planet’s orbital period with Tᵥ and explain the difference.2 marks
- 39What is the average orbital speed of the Moon?1 mark
- 11(a)Give the three names in order, from the top of Table 11.1 to the bottom.2 marks
- 11(b)Give your answer in km/s.2 marks
- 11(c)Table 11.1: planet | distance from the Sun / km | orbital period / s | average surface temperature / °C (name not given) | 5.8 × 10⁷ | 7.6 × 10⁶ | 167 Venus | 1.1 × 10⁸ | 1.9 × 10⁷ | 464 Earth | 1.5 × 10⁸ | 3.2 × 10⁷ | 15 Mars | 2.3 × 10⁸ | 5.9 × 10⁷ | −65 (name not given) | 7.8 × 10⁸ | 3.7 × 10⁸ | −110 Saturn | 1.4 × 10⁹ | 9.3 × 10⁸ | −140 (name not given) | 2.9 × 10⁹ | 2.6 × 10⁹ | −195 Neptune | 4.5 × 10⁹ | 5.2 × 10⁹ | −200 Describe the relationship between the distance of a planet from the Sun and its orbital period.1 mark
- 11(d)In your description, include any anomalies.2 marks
- 38What is the average orbital speed of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun?1 mark
- 10(c)Show your working and give the unit.3 marks
- 5D There is a force on each planet towards the Sun.1 mark
6.2Stars and the Universe
- 39What is 4.2 light-years in metres?1 mark
- 4040 What is a protostar?1 mark
- 40Which students are correct?1 mark
- 4040 What is never formed by the explosion of a red supergiant?1 mark
- 4040 What is the nuclear reaction that powers the Sun?1 mark
- 8(d)Describe what happens to the Sun when the hydrogen runs out.3 marks
- 8(a)State what a supernova is.2 marks
- 8(b)Describe how a protostar forms within the Fig. 8.1 nebula.2 marks
- 8(c)(i)Name that galaxy.1 mark
- 8(c)(ii)Define a light-year.1 mark
- 8(c)(iii)Given 1 year = 3.2 × 10⁷ s and light speed 3.0 × 10⁸ m/s, calculate orbital speed in m/s, showing working.3 marks
- 3939 What is the first stage in the life cycle of stars?1 mark
- 4040 What is the definition of redshift?1 mark
- 40Which galaxy is closer to the Earth and which galaxy is receding from the Earth faster?1 mark
- 9(a)Describe the energy transfers as the cloud collapses to form a protostar.2 marks
- 9(b)(iv)Explain how the nuclear reaction stops further collapse as the protostar becomes a stable star.3 marks
- 9(c)State which part of a star’s life cycle produces the heaviest elements.1 mark
- 4040 What is the nuclear reaction that takes place in stable stars?1 mark
- 40In which order do these stages occur, starting with the earliest?1 mark
- 10(a)(i)State what is meant by a “light-year”.1 mark
- 10(a)(ii)State the approximate diameter of the Milky Way in light-years.1 mark
- 10(b)(i)Using Fig. 10.1 and the word list (nebula, neutron star, protostar, red giant, supernova, white dwarf), complete the three blanks after the red-supergiant stage.2 marks
- 10(b)(ii)State the stage in a star’s life cycle when heavy elements form.1 mark
- 10(c)Explain one observation that supports the Big Bang Theory.4 marks
- 39Which energy is being released and what is the name of the reaction that releases this energy inside the Sun?1 mark
- 40How does the frequency of the light when detected on Earth compare with its frequency when emitted and in what direction is the galaxy moving?1 mark
- 10(a)Explain why the Sun remains stable.2 marks
- 10(b)Describe what happens to a star of the same mass as the Sun at the end of its stable life.3 marks
- 10(d)(i)State the name of the galaxy that contains the Sun.1 mark
- 10(d)(ii)Explain what is meant by redshift and what causes it.2 marks
- 10(d)(iii)Explain your answer.2 marks
- 4040 Which row is correct for nuclear fission and for nuclear fusion?1 mark
- 3939 Which row is correct for nuclear fission and for nuclear fusion?1 mark
- 1313 Which process in the Sun produces energy?1 mark
- 88 Which process in the Sun produces energy?1 mark
- 11(d)Describe what happens as the star forms.3 marks
International AS & A Level Business9609
- d1 Business and its environment
6.1External influences on business activity
6.2Business strategy
1.1Enterprise
- 4Analyse one way a business might fail as a consequence of lack of finance.5 marks
- 5(a)Analyse two ways business enterprise can help the development of a country.8 marks
- 5(b)‘Intrapreneurship is the most important factor that will ensure the success of a computer entertainment business.’ Evaluate this view.12 marks
- 1(a)Define the term intrapreneur.2 marks
- 1(a)Define the term demand.2 marks
- 1(b)Explain one factor that influences the supply of a product.3 marks
- 2(a)Define the term factors of production.2 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Explain the term opportunity cost.3 marks
- 1(a)Define the term 'social enterprise'.2 marks
- 1(b)Explain two advantages to a business of being a social enterprise.3 marks
- 1(a)(i)Define the term 'market segmentation' (line 25).2 marks
1.2Business structure
- 1(a)(i)Identify one feature of a private limited company.1 mark
- 1(a)(ii)Explain the term primary sector.3 marks
- 1(c)Analyse two benefits to Frank of operating as a sole trader.8 marks
- 1(a)(i)Identify one quality an entrepreneur needs for success.1 mark
- 1Evaluate the extent to which leadership contributed to BV's effective strategic management between 2009 and 2022.20 marks
- 2(a)Define the term 'franchise'.2 marks
- 2(b)Explain two advantages to a business of buying a franchise.3 marks
- 1(c)Explain two entrepreneurial qualities that Priya has shown.4 marks
1.3Size of business
1.4Business objectives
- 1(d)Evaluate the most likely reason for conflict to arise between the owners of NS.12 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Explain one reason why RCR’s objectives may change over time.3 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Explain the term sustainability.3 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Explain one reason why MXB's objectives may change.3 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Explain the term 'mission statement' (line 2).3 marks
- d2 Human resource management
7.1Organisational structurenothing yet
7.2Business communicationnothing yet
7.3Leadership
- 2Maintain a strong brand identity Appendix 4: Summary of market research data in 2023 Online or face-to-face • 55% prefer online • 30% prefer face-to-face • 15% prefer a combination of both Strengths of DCE • High exam pass rate • High brand awareness Weaknesses of DCE • Communication with parents • High prices Competitors’ strengths • User-friendly apps • Affordable • Revision notes often included • Self-study options Advise Daniel on the importance of transformational leadership to ensure the survival of DCE.20 marks
- 2(a)Define the term 'emotional intelligence'.2 marks
- 2(b)Explain two benefits to a business of autocratic leadership.3 marks
- 6Discuss the importance of emotional intelligence to a manager of a luxury holiday resort.20 marks
7.4Human resource management (HRM) strategy
- 3(b)Using the data in Table 1.1, calculate the percentage of output that failed to meet quality standards for January to May 2025.2 marks
- 3(c)Evaluate the best approach for WS to improve the performance of its production employees.12 marks
- 1Evaluate the impact of Chelsea’s HR strategy on RR’s performance between 2021 and 2024.20 marks
- 1Using network analysis, the Operations Director estimates the factory expansion and machinery upgrade will take a minimum of 24 weeks.8 marks
2.1Human resource management (HRM)
- 1(c)Analyse two selection methods that NS could use to choose a new Marketing Manager.8 marks
- 2(b)(i)Calculate PH’s labour turnover in 2024.3 marks
- 4Analyse one impact on employees of trade union involvement in the workplace.5 marks
- 6(a)Analyse two benefits to a business of using online recruitment methods.8 marks
- 6(b)‘Improving employee morale and welfare is the most important role of human resource management (HRM) in an airline business.’ Evaluate this view.12 marks
- 3(a)Define the term equality.2 marks
- 3(b)Explain one benefit to a business of employing a diverse workforce.3 marks
- 1(c)Analyse two benefits to OFD of offering induction training to all employees.8 marks
2.2Motivation
- 1(a)Define the term job enrichment.2 marks
- 1(b)Explain one disadvantage to a business of using empowerment to motivate employees.3 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Explain one way in which PH could use Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs.3 marks
- 6Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view.20 marks
- 1(a)Define the term 'piece rate'.2 marks
- 1(b)Explain two advantages to a business of using a time based payment method.3 marks
- d3 Marketing
8.1Marketing analysis
- 4(a)(i)Using the data in Table 1.2, calculate the average seasonal variation for Quarter 4.2 marks
- 4(a)(ii)Using your answer to (a)(i), calculate forecast sales for 2025 Quarter 4.2 marks
- 4(b)Evaluate whether time series analysis is sufficient to allow WS to make decisions to achieve its marketing objective.12 marks
- 2(d)Evaluate how MXB can change its marketing mix to extend the product life cycle of its range of mountain bikes.12 marks
- 3Explain how price elasticity of demand influences the pricing decisions of a business.5 marks
8.2Marketing strategy
- 3(c)Using network analysis, the Operations Director estimates the factory expansion and machinery upgrade will take a minimum of 24 weeks.12 marks
- 1Maintain a strong brand identity Appendix 4: Summary of market research data in 2023 Online or face-to-face • 55% prefer online • 30% prefer face-to-face • 15% prefer a combination of both Strengths of DCE • High exam pass rate • High brand awareness Weaknesses of DCE • Communication with parents • High prices Competitors’ strengths • User-friendly apps • Affordable • Revision notes often included • Self-study options Evaluate DCE’s marketing strategy between 2019 and 2024.20 marks
- 2(c)Analyse one advantage and one disadvantage to MXB of growing by launching a new product range of electric scooters.8 marks
- 5(a)Analyse the benefits to a business of focusing on the 4Cs when planning to increase its market share.8 marks
3.1The nature of marketing
- 6(a)Analyse two ways international markets may present different challenges to a business than national markets.8 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Explain the term customer (market) orientation.3 marks
- 2(a)(ii)Explain the term demographic segmentation.3 marks
- 2(a)Define the term psychographic market segmentation.2 marks
- 2(b)Explain one factor that might influence the demand for a product.3 marks
- 2(b)(i)Calculate the market growth for car repairs in city B between 2023 and 2024.3 marks
- 3(a)Calculate, for 2024, IPA’s market share.2 marks
- 3(b)Calculate, for 2025, the expected percentage market growth.2 marks
- 2(b)(i)Calculate MXB's market share of the mountain bike market in country J.3 marks
3.2Market research
- 2(a)(i)Identify one method of primary market research.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)Explain the term qualitative data.3 marks
- 5(b)Discuss the usefulness of secondary market research to a business planning to launch a new luxury perfume.12 marks
- 7(b)Discuss the usefulness to a furniture retailer of using secondary market research when planning to enter a new market.12 marks
3.3The marketing mix
- 2(a)Define the term price discrimination.2 marks
- 2(b)Explain one disadvantage to a business of using competitive pricing.3 marks
- 6(b)Evaluate whether customer relationship marketing (CRM) is suitable for all small businesses.12 marks
- 1(d)Evaluate whether Frank should introduce price skimming.12 marks
- 6(a)Analyse two benefits to a business of having a product with a unique selling point (USP).8 marks
- 6(b)'Marketing is the most important factor that will affect the success of a new coffee shop.' Evaluate this view.12 marks
- 4(a)Define the term 'price elasticity of demand'.2 marks
- 4(b)Explain two benefits to a business of knowing the price elasticity of demand of its products.3 marks
- 7(a)Analyse the advantages to a business of using online advertising.8 marks
- 1(d)Justify your recommendation.11 marks
- d4 Operations management
9.1Location and scalenothing yet
9.2Quality managementnothing yet
9.3Operations strategy
- 2Analyse two ways that enterprise resource planning (ERP) could improve the efficiency of WS.8 marks
- 4(a)Complete nodes 5 and 6 on the network diagram below (reproduced from the Insert).2 marks
- 4(b)Calculate the total float for Activity F.2 marks
- 4(c)Using network analysis, the Operations Director estimates the factory expansion and machinery upgrade will take a minimum of 24 weeks.12 marks
4.1The nature of operations
- 3(a)Define the term capital intensive operations.2 marks
- 3(b)Explain one limitation to a business of labour intensive operations.3 marks
- 2(d)Evaluate whether Frank’s plan will improve the sustainability of PH’s operations.12 marks
- 3(a)Using the data in Table 1.1, calculate the average monthly labour productivity for January to May 2025.2 marks
- 5(a)Analyse two limitations to a business of capital intensive operations.8 marks
- 5(b)‘A soft drinks manufacturer must improve its sustainability in order to compete successfully.’ Evaluate this view.12 marks
- 2(b)Explain one stage of the transformational process.3 marks
- 4(a)Define the term 'Computer Aided Manufacture' (CAM).2 marks
- 4(b)Explain two disadvantages to a business of introducing CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture).3 marks
- 5(a)Analyse the advantages to a business of using mass customisation.8 marks
4.2Inventory management
4.3Capacity utilisation and outsourcing
- d5 Finance and accounting
10.1Financial statementsnothing yet
10.2Analysis of published accounts
- 5Evaluate the most effective method WS could use to improve investor return.12 marks
- 2Using network analysis, the Operations Director estimates the factory expansion and machinery upgrade will take a minimum of 24 weeks.8 marks
- 2(b)(i)Calculate MC's acid test ratio.4 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Explain one reason why the acid test ratio is useful to MC's Finance Director.2 marks
10.3Investment appraisal
10.4Finance and accounting strategynothing yet
5.1Business finance
5.2Sources of finance
- 2(c)Analyse one advantage and one disadvantage to PH of using an overdraft as a source of finance.8 marks
- 5(a)Analyse two benefits to a business of government grants as a source of finance.8 marks
- 1(b)(ii)Explain one factor that will influence Markus' choice of a source of finance.3 marks
- 7(b)Discuss the most appropriate source of finance for a private limited company to purchase an additional factory.12 marks
5.3Forecasting and managing cash flows
- 5(b)Evaluate whether the most likely reason for the failure of a small retailer is poor management of its working capital.12 marks
- 1(b)(i)Calculate the forecast closing balance for August 2023.3 marks
- 1(a)(ii)Explain the difference between cash and profit (line 23).3 marks
- 1(b)(i)Calculate PB's forecast closing balance in month 3 (X).2 marks
- 1(b)(ii)Analyse two benefits to Priya of producing a cash flow forecast.8 marks
5.4Costs
- 3(a)Define the term indirect costs.2 marks
- 1(b)(i)Calculate the number of oranges that Frank needs to sell to break even in July 2025.3 marks
- 1(b)(ii)Explain one limitation for Frank of using break-even analysis.3 marks
- 1(d)Evaluate whether Markus needs accurate cost information before setting up OFD.12 marks
- 7(a)Analyse the benefits to a business of using break-even analysis.8 marks
International AS & A Level Physics9702
- 1 Physical quantities and units
1.1Physical quantities
1.2SI units
1.3Errors and uncertainties
1.4Scalars and vectors
- 2 Kinematics
2.1Equations of motion
- 2(a)Define velocity.1 mark
- 2(b)(i)Determine the time taken for the ball to reach the wall.2 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Calculate the vertical component u of the initial velocity of the ball.1 mark
- 2(b)(iii)Calculate the height h of the wall.3 marks
- 5What is the initial speed with which the ball is thrown?1 mark
- 66.0 v / m s–1 3.0 0 0 5 10 15 t / s –3.0 –6.0 What is the average velocity of the toy car for the journey shown by the graph?1 mark
- 2(a)Define acceleration.1 mark
- 2(b)(i)Calculate the initial horizontal component vX of the velocity of the ball.1 mark
- 2(b)(ii)Show that the initial vertical component vY of the velocity of the ball is 8.5 m s⁻¹.2 marks
- 2(b)(iii)Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach its maximum height above the ground.2 marks
- 2(c)(i)Calculate the maximum height above the ground of the ball.2 marks
- 2(d)State and explain the effect, if any, of the increased mass on the time taken by the ball to reach its maximum height.1 mark
- 3 Dynamics
3.1Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion
- 3(c)Calculate the magnitude of this force.3 marks
- 7What would this object weigh on Pluto?1 mark
- 1225 m s–1 1400 kg 25 m s–1 2.0° What is the useful output power of the car’s engine when travelling up the slope?1 mark
- 3(a)(i)Define force.1 mark
- 3(b)(iii)Calculate the maximum deceleration of the block.2 marks
3.2Non-uniform motion
- 1(b)On Fig. 1.1, draw and label arrows to show the directions of the two forces acting on the sphere.2 marks
- 1(c)Calculate the drag force F_D acting on the sphere.2 marks
- 1(d)Use your answer in (c) to calculate the drag coefficient C for the sphere.3 marks
- 9X 0 0 time Y 0 0 time Z 0 0 time What are the quantities X, Y and Z?1 mark
- 4 Forces, density and pressure
4.1Turning effects of forces
4.2Equilibrium of forces
- 5 Work, energy and power
5.1Energy conservation
5.2Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy
- 6 Deformation of solids
6.1Stress and strain
- 4(a)Define strain.1 mark
- 4(b)(i)Calculate the Young modulus of the wire.3 marks
- 4(b)(ii)On Fig. 4.1, draw a line to show how the stress varies with the strain for the wire up to its limit of proportionality.2 marks
- 4(c)By placing a tick (✓) in each row, complete Table 4.1 to compare the stress and strain of the two wires.2 marks
- 20Which equation is used to determine the extension x of the wire?1 mark
- 7 Waves
7.1Progressive waves
7.2Transverse and longitudinal waves
7.3Doppler effect for sound waves
7.4Electromagnetic spectrum
- 8 Superposition
8.1Stationary waves
- 5(a)Explain how a stationary wave is formed between the vibration generator and the wall.2 marks
- 5(b)Calculate the wavelength of the stationary wave shown in Fig. 5.2.1 mark
- 5(c)On Fig. 5.3, sketch the shape of the stationary wave at time t = 0.24 s.2 marks
- 5(d)State the phase difference between the oscillations of points R and T.1 mark
- 5(e)Calculate the speed of the progressive waves on the stretched string.2 marks
- 25Which frequency of the oscillator produces a stationary wave with two loops?1 mark
- 4(a)(ii)State the principle of superposition.2 marks
8.2Diffraction
8.3Interference
8.4The diffraction grating
- 9 Electricity
9.1Electric current
9.2Potential difference and power
- 3131 Which values of current and resistance will produce a rate of energy transfer of 16 J s–1?1 mark
- 6(b)(ii)Calculate: • the total energy transferred by the battery • the number of electrons that pass through the battery.3 marks
- 6(b)(iv)Use your answer in (b)(iii) to determine the ratio (power dissipated in thermistor X)/(power dissipated in 12 Ω resistor).2 marks
- 10 D.C. circuits
10.1Practical circuits
10.2Kirchhoff’s laws
- 6(a)State Kirchhoff's first law.1 mark
- 6(b)Use Kirchhoff's laws to show that the total resistance R_T of the external circuit is given by R_T = R₁ + R₂.2 marks
- 336.0 V 3.0 V 0.8 Ω 1.2 Ω 3.0 Ω What is the current in the load resistor?1 mark
- 34D When switch S is closed, the potential difference across the battery falls because work is done against the resistance of R.1 mark
- 6(a)Show that the total resistance R of the combination is given by the equation 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃.2 marks
10.3Potential dividers
- 11 Particle physics
11.1Atoms, nuclei and radiation
11.2Fundamental particles
- 12 Motion in a circle
12.1Kinematics of uniform circular motionnothing yet
- 13 Gravitational fields
13.1Gravitational fieldnothing yet
13.2Gravitational force between point masses
13.3Gravitational field of a point massnothing yet
13.4Gravitational potential
- 1(a)Define gravitational potential at a point.2 marks
- 1(b)(i)Explain why the gravitational potential at X is negative.2 marks
- 1(b)(ii)State an expression, in terms of Φ, for the gravitational potential at Y due to the planet.2 marks
- 1(b)(iii)Complete Table 1.1 by giving expressions, in terms of some or all of M, R and Φ, for the quantities indicated for each of the satellites X and Y.4 marks
- 14 Temperature
14.1Thermal equilibriumnothing yet
14.2Temperature scales
- 2(a)(i)State the magnitude and unit of absolute zero on the thermodynamic temperature scale.1 mark
- 2(a)(ii)Explain why temperature measured using a laboratory liquid-in-glass thermometer does not give a measurement of thermodynamic temperature.1 mark
- 2(b)(i)Explain how Fig. 2.2 shows that platinum is a suitable metal for use in a resistance thermometer.2 marks
- 2(b)(ii)Suggest a reason why a platinum resistance thermometer is not suitable for measuring a rapidly changing temperature.1 mark
- 2(b)(iii)Suggest a type of thermometer that is suitable for measuring a rapidly changing temperature.1 mark
14.3Specific heat capacity and specific latent heatnothing yet
- 15 Ideal gases
15.1The molenothing yet
15.2Equation of state
15.3Kinetic theory of gases
- 3(a)(ii)Use one of the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory to explain what can be deduced about the potential energy associated with the random motion of molecules in an ideal gas.2 marks
- 3(b)(ii)Determine the average translational kinetic energy E_K of one molecule of the gas.2 marks
- 2(b)(i)Show that the new volume of the gas is 4.75 × 10⁻² m³.1 mark
- 16 Thermodynamics
16.1Internal energy
- 17 Oscillations
17.1Simple harmonic oscillations
17.2Energy in simple harmonic motion
17.3Damped and forced oscillations, resonance
- 4(a)State what is meant by resonance.2 marks
- 4(b)(i)State the name of the phenomenon illustrated by the decrease in the amplitude of the oscillations in Fig. 4.2.1 mark
- 4(b)(ii)Explain the decrease with time of the amplitude of the oscillations of the ball.2 marks
- 4(c)On Fig. 4.3, sketch the variation with f of the amplitude of the oscillations of the ball.2 marks
- 3(b)Explain, with reference to Fig. 3.2, whether this damping is light, critical or heavy.1 mark
- 18 Electric fields
18.1Electric fields and field lines
18.2Uniform electric fields
18.3Electric force between point charges
18.4Electric field of a point chargenothing yet
18.5Electric potentialnothing yet
- 19 Capacitance
19.1Capacitors and capacitancenothing yet
19.2Energy stored in a capacitornothing yet
19.3Discharging a capacitor
- 6(a)Explain the shape of the line in Fig. 6.2.3 marks
- 6(b)(i)Use Fig. 6.2 to determine resistance R.2 marks
- 6(b)(ii)Use Fig. 6.2 to determine the time constant τ of the circuit in Fig. 6.1.3 marks
- 6(c)Use your answers in (b) to determine capacitance C.2 marks
- 5(b)(ii)Determine the time, in s, for which the capacitor is discharging between times t = 1.0 ms and t = 5.0 ms.1 mark
- 5(b)(iii)Using your smoothed V_OUT line drawn on Fig. 5.1 and the discharging time found in (b)(ii), calculate the resistance R.2 marks
- 20 Magnetic fields
20.1Concept of a magnetic fieldnothing yet
20.2Force on a current-carrying conductornothing yet
20.3Force on a moving charge
- 5(c)(i)Determine the direction of the uniform magnetic field.1 mark
- 5(c)(ii)Explain, with reference to the forces exerted by the two fields on the electron, why the path of the electron is undeviated.2 marks
- 5(c)(iii)Give a unit with your answer.2 marks
- 6(a)(i)Use letters from Fig. 6.1 to identify the two faces between which the Hall voltage is produced.1 mark
- 6(b)(i)Use the letters in Fig. 6.1 to identify the distance t.1 mark
20.4Magnetic fields due to currentsnothing yet
- 21 Alternating currents
21.1Characteristics of alternating currents
21.2Rectification and smoothing
- 7(b)(ii)On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation with t of the power P dissipated in R.3 marks
- 7(c)Explain, without calculation, how the mean power now dissipated in R compares with the answer in (b)(iii).2 marks
- 5(a)(ii)State the type of rectification shown in Fig. 5.1.1 mark
- 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.1, draw a line to show V_OUT between times t = 1.0 ms and t = 5.0 ms.3 marks
- 22 Quantum physics
22.1Energy and momentum of a photonnothing yet
22.2Photoelectric effect
- 8(a)Describe two phenomena associated with the photoelectric effect that cannot be explained using a wave theory of light.2 marks
- 8(b)(i)Identify the symbol λ₀.1 mark
- 8(b)(ii)Use Fig. 8.1 to determine the magnitude of λ₀.1 mark
- 8(b)(iii)Show your working.3 marks
- 8(c)On Fig. 8.1, draw a line to show the variation with 1/λ of E_max for the oxidised surface.2 marks
22.3Wave-particle dualitynothing yet
22.4Energy levels in atoms and line spectranothing yet
- 23 Nuclear physics
23.1Mass defect and nuclear binding energy
23.2Radioactive decay
- 7(b)(i)Use Fig. 7.1 to explain why other particles apart from the β⁻ particles must be emitted during this decay.3 marks
- 7(b)(ii)State the name of the other particle emitted during the decay of this isotope.1 mark
- 7(b)(iii)Give the radioactive decay equation for this decay.3 marks
- 9(a)Define half-life of a radioactive isotope.1 mark
- 9(b)(i)State the name of the quantity represented by the magnitude of the gradient of line X in Fig. 9.1.1 mark
- 9(b)(ii)State three conclusions about X or Y that may be drawn from Fig. 9.1.3 marks
- 7(a)State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in nucleus X.2 marks
- 24 Medical physics
24.1Production and use of ultrasound
- 10(b)(i)Explain how ultrasound pulses are used to obtain diagnostic information about internal body structures in medical diagnosis.3 marks
- 10(b)(iii)State the approximate value of the intensity reflection coefficient at the boundary between the two media when: • Z₁ is almost equal to Z₂ • Z₁ is very different from Z₂.2 marks
24.2Production and use of X-rays
- 8(b)(i)State the name of the particles.1 mark
- 8(b)(ii)On Fig. 8.1, use + and – signs to label terminals X and Y to indicate the polarity of the high voltage.1 mark
- 8(c)(i)For an accelerating voltage of 32 kV, determine the maximum energy, in MeV, of an X-ray photon produced at the target.1 mark
- 8(c)(ii)Determine the maximum momentum of an X-ray photon produced at the target.2 marks
- 8(c)(iii)Determine the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced at the target.3 marks
- 8(d)Explain why X-rays can be used to produce images of internal body structures that have good contrast.3 marks
- 10(a)(i)State what is meant by contrast in an X-ray image.1 mark
- 10(a)(ii)Calculate the ratio (intensity of radiation transmitted through the bone) / (intensity of radiation transmitted through the muscle).2 marks
24.3PET scanning
- 11(a)(i)State what is meant by a tracer.2 marks
- 11(a)(ii)State the name of the particles that are emitted from the body and detected by the detectors during PET scanning.1 mark
- 11(b)Explain how these particles are created from positrons.3 marks
- 11(c)Suggest why two of these photons are needed to create one positron.2 marks
- 25 Astronomy and cosmology
25.1Standard candles
- 10(a)(i)State what is meant by the luminosity of a star.2 marks
- 10(a)(ii)Explain how a standard candle in a distant galaxy can be used to determine the distance of the galaxy from an observer.3 marks
- 12(a)(i)Name the term used to describe an astronomical object that has known luminosity.1 mark
- 12(a)(ii)Determine the distance of the star from Earth.2 marks
25.2Stellar radii
25.3Hubble’s law and the Big Bang theorynothing yet